Capital Punishment Essay - Death Penalty Needed :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Death Penalty Needed to Protect SocietyThe death penalty is an issue that will continue to be debated over for some(prenominal) years to come. Some believe the death penalty should be abolished while others believe the death penalty should remain an option. Although there are things I would revision dealing with the death penalty, I do not think it should be completely abolished. The death penalty should be administered to those who commit heinous crimes, whether it involves murder or not (Lopez, Camilla p.1).One can look at judicial history and tell that just because someone is sentenced to the death penalty does not mean it in truth happens. People have become so liberal that they are willing to give everyone a second chance. People want to give the man who pillaged and murdered ten women in a matter of days the same second chance as the little boy who steal a dulcorate bar from the grocery store . It might just be me, but I see a huge difference in the effect of those crimes on the rest of the population. Women are not going to live in fear about going to the grocery store because a little boy stole a candy bar, but they are going to think twice about going shopping by themselves at night when theyve heard that a serial rapist and murderer is among them. I think all crimes should have an equal punishment, but I do not necessarily believe in the eye for an eye way of thinking. Remorse can so easily be faked which is why, I think, punishments and sentences have been lightened over the years.There are many cases and points that opponents to the death penalty bring up, but there are also several good points that pro-death penalty believers argue. Opponents of capital punishment believe the death penalty is not beneficial, but we execute those who commit these atrocious crimes so that they do not have the chance to kill again (Lopez, p.1). Heinous crimes seem to be no big deal and no shocking occurrence, like they used to be, which makes me very sad. The hea dlines are covered with people who have committed terrible crimes and sit on television laughing about what theyve done, knowing theyre not going to receive the death penalty for their crime. The government and the judicial system has now become a joke to people just as jail houses have become jokes to people living in them.

Elie Wiesel’s Night and Corrie Ten Booms The Hiding Place Essay

Elie Wiesels Night and Corrie Ten Booms The Hiding PlaceMany outsiders strive but fail to truly comprehend the haunting incident of World War IIs Holocaust. N bingle but survivors and witnesses succeed to sense and live the timeless twinge of the lawsuit which repossesses the core of human psyche. Elie Wiesel and Corrie Ten Boom are two of these survivors who, through their personal accounts, allow the reader to glimpse empathy within the soul and the heart. Elie Wiesel (1928- ), a journalist and Professor of Humanities at Boston University, is an author of 21 books. The first of his collection, entitled Night, is a terrifying account of Wiesels boyhood experience as a WWII Jewish prisoner of Hitlers dominant and secretive Nazi party. At age 16 he was taken from his home in Sighet, Romania and became one of millions of Jews sent to German concentration camps. At the Auschwitz and Buchenwald, Wiesel witnessed the death of his parents and sister. In 1945, the latter of the camps was overtaken by an American resistance group and the remaining prisoners freed, including the drastically changed man in Wiesel. The once innocent, God-fearing teenager had become a lonely, scarred, doubting individual. Corrie Ten Boom (1892-1983), a religious author and inspirational evangelist, traveled and administer Christianity throughout sixty-one countries, even into her eighties. Her autobiography, The Hiding Place, is an account of her inner strength found through God in the midst of the physical and emotional tumult of German concentration camps. During World War II, the Ten Boom family took action against the Nazi movement and began an underground hiding system, saving over 700 Jewish lives. (Contemporary Authors, 470) They were observed and sent from their Haarlem, Holland home to Scheveningen, a Nazi prison. Ten Boom, in her 50s, was placed on trial for leading the underground system and sent to a German work camp. There she witnessed her father and sisters death as we ll as the birth of her inner strength and hope for the future. Upon publish from Ravensbruck, Ten Boom began caring for victims of the war and Holocaust and used her powerful speaking ability to share the trials and triumphs of her life. Together, these two powerful authors relive the horror and pain of the Holocaust to educate the unaware world. They teach of the past, warn of the future, an... ...n & Co., Inc., 1962) excerpted and reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 3, ed. Carolyn Riley (Detroit Gale query Inc., 1975), p. 526. Alvarez, A. The Literature of the Holocaust (Random House, 1968) excerpted and reprinted in Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 3, ed. Carolyn Riley (Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1975), p. 527. Appendix II. Popular World Fiction. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C. Beacham Publishing, 1987.II-35. Christians Who Helped Us To Get Started (Praise Outreach). May. 1996. http//www.wolsi.com/kitb/influ.html. (5 Dec. 1996). Contemporary Authors. Vol. 111, ed . Hal May. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1984. p. 470. Douglas, Robert E., Jr. Elie Wiesels Relationship with God. 3 Aug. 1995. http//www.stsci.edu/rdouglas/publications/suff/suff.html. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3, ed. Israel Gutman. New York Macmillan, 1990. p. 1281. Sidel, Scott. All Rivers exam to the Sea A Review of the Memoirs of Elie Wiesel. 1995. http//www.netrail.net/sidel/reviews/wiesel.html. (5 Dec. 1996). Ten Boom, Corrie. The Hiding Place. United States Bantam Books, 1971. Wiesel, Elie. Night. United States Bantam Books, 1960.

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) in Australia Essay -- Media, Televis

The public service broadcasting can be seen as an agent to deliver information and innovative ideas in a democratic society. Syvertsen (1999) has mentioned three meanings of public service, firstly as the public function whereas government supply services such as roads, public transport, etc, secondly as the public sphere in which flock of a society involve for common good purpose, lastly was the broadcasting in the service of listener or viewer. This essay attempts to argue the need of sustaining the Public Service Broadcasting especially in Australia. In Australia there are two public service broadcasting institutions the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). ABC is modelled after the BBC and aims to deliver information and entertainment services of general interest and handed-down public service content on TV and radio SBS aims to provide a more specialized service of multicultural and multilingual programming (reference). The SBS rivet on fulfilling the media needs of Australias culturally diverse population. Both broadcasters are public corporations operating under admits endorsed by Australias federal Parliament (reference,Mendel). The Charter particularly advises the ABC to green goods its main component programming on educational broadcasts. The ABC also required to presents the multiculturalism of the Australian society provide a sense of national identity and information as well as entertainment through promoting music, drama, and other performing arts in Australia (Mendel). Whilst, the Charter requires the SBS to produce multilingual and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate, and entertain Australian people, and at the same time re... ...tricted by channel capacity and it can provide diverse audiences at once. Moreover, with the online internet anyone can gather all information they need as well as the social networking in ways that people can interact in real time eve n from the distance and lay bare to a new perspective of democracy. From that standpoint, the young generation allow even consider the difficulty public service broadcasters will face. In conclusion, public service broadcasting is seen as form of governance rather than undivided form of media institution. Indeed, the challenge for the State funded broadcasting is the emerged of the cultural diversity and the complex development between citizen and national public interest. In order to assert he public value, relevancy as well as public resources then the public service organization should managed it effectively.

A Sense of Justice :: Law College Admissions Essays

A Sense of Justice   Its midnight, and Im ariseing in the yard after a powerful actors line at Memorial Church just a few hours ago. The night is chilly, and I unravel the sweater from around my waist and place it upon my shoulders. As I stand freezing in the yard, a steady stream of friends and associates pass by me offering congratulations. A unforesightful time before, I had delivered the introductory speech for our Black History Month campus guest speaker, Johnny Cochran. As I stood freezing in the yard, I was humbled. Cochrans message that night was that vigilant and systemic refuse has profound power and can help deliver social justice. His message rang as true as Malcolm Xs call to social action from the same ambo more than thirty years before. And, now, as the stars lit the yard electric, Cochrans words took me back to the frontmost time I understood what protest meant to me and my sense of justice.   It was my first year at the most venerable institution in the world, and my high-school dreams had been achieved. Yet, that fall, I was feeling empty inside. As I drowned my sorrows in a latte at Au Bon Pain near the T entrance, I noticed a large crowd gathering outside. I later learned that a short time before, an undergraduate running to the co-op had carelessly knocked a stateless man to the ground. As I looked up from my latte, I saw a homeless man crawling around the sidewalk, yelling something about being   unable to see and cursing profusely. Nearby, I saw a fair sex I recognise as a senior, crawling around on the ground with him. Finally, she stood up, with a pair of broken glasses in hand. You bastard she screamed at the retreating undergraduate. I didnt grapple what to think. I had never seen a white homeless person before, and certainly not one being helped by a black woman.   I approached the woman and told her my name. She was still clearly flustered and angry, her brown eyes flashing amid an expanse of curly hair. Th ey just dont get it she grumbled angrily. I silently looked atomic pile. Suddenly, she turned to me. Sometimes, weve got to sit down and stand up for the dignity of human kind. Sometimes, weve got to do whats right. Silently, I nodded my head.

Admiral Jarok as Noble Traitor :: Star Trek Traitor Essays Papers

Admiral Jarok was a treasonist, especially in the eyes of his countrymen. The very principles that define the Romulans are honor and loyalty and in no way can his actions be seen as loyal. Although some could argue his actions were those of a defector, his actions as Romulan official in this particular situation make him a traitor.A traitor is defined as a person who betrays his or her country, cause, friends, etc. (Webster)The true meaning of traitor is not found in this definition, but quite in the definition of the word betray. There are several meanings, but the most important ones are 2. to break faith with, fail to meet the hopes of and 6. to offend ( secret information, confidential plans etc.) The Romulans are seen as moral people with very clear ideas of right and wrong (Cornelius.) For them, right means honoring and serving the Romulan people. confederation space is seen as an ominous enemy and giving helpful strategic information to them, would be considered treason. Obviously Tomalak, the Romulan leader, feels this way when he demands, with contempt in his voice, for Picard and bunch to release traitor Jarok For Tomalak, who represents all Romulans, Jarok broke faith to his people. You see, Picard, after we dissect your Enterprise for every precious bit of information, I intend to display its disconnected hull in the center of the Romulan capitol as a symbol of our victory. It will inspire our armies for generations to come. And serve as a warning to any other traitor who would create ripples of disloyalty. (Tong)Jaroks actions perfectly correspond with sixth dictionary entry of betray. Even though it is assumed that the documents were a trap to catch the faltering loyalty of Jarok, a faithful Romulan would have kept them secret, even if it jeopardized their own family. Jarok did not know the documents were false or else he would not have risked all that he did in going over to Federation Space. To the Romulans, support for all the people ca me first. Jaroks actions might have seemed noble to those aboard Federation Space, but to the Romulans the most noble actions were those that were loyal to the Romulan cause.Tomalak would not have cared that Jarok did not want to go into any wars for the sake of his daughter. Tomalak wanted all members of his family to be safe, as well, but Tomalek stayed true to the Romulans, which he saying as the most important thing.

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperial

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto anti-racketeering lawIn Reproducing Empire, Laura Briggs provides her readers with a very thorough register of the mainland U.S. and Puerto Rican discourses and its authors surrounding Puerto anti-racketeering law and Puerto Ricans, from Puerto Ricos formation in the mainland elites mind as a model U.S. (not) colony in 1898* to its present status as semi-autonomous U.S.territory. Briggs opens her book by discussing the origins of globalization in U.S. and western European colonialism, and closes with a review of her methods, in which she calls for a new focus on subaltern studies, including a (re)focus on the authors of entropy (who she claims as the subjects of this book) as a lens through which to circumvent the neglect and obsessive interestin the service of the imperial project in Puerto Rico (207). Briggs identifies herself in her epilogue- I am a US. Anglo whose ties to the island are only love and a relentless sense that that just as the report of the island is inescapably level(p) to the mainland, so the mainlands history is reciprocally tied to the island (206). Briggs notes that there is an active history of dissociation of Puerto Rico as part of the U.S., and that to speak only of Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico as true Puerto Ricans, or to construct Puerto Rico as economically unconnected to the U.S. is a misconception, which has been historically employed to blame Puerto Rico for the U.S. subordination of it. Briggs records Puerto Ricos history as a model, testing site, or laboratory for U.S. colonial rule, centering on the ways in which this has functioned in relation to or through (control of) Puerto Rican working curriculum women an... ... note that island organizations that supported birth control for other reasons often utilized funding from these larger foundations.*****While Briggs condemns the stance of most radical to conservative mainland organ izations in terms of the sterilization/anti-sterilization debate, she notes at length the ways in which a variety of Puerto Rican activists, such as the Young Lords, circumvented the racist culture of poverty arguments and the prevalent tendency to deny agency to their subjects in their political activism outside of this debate. Her judgments on the subject of engagement with a culture of poverty argument are complex, as are the usefulness of deciding what activism is better from her perspective as an academic outsider. I will return to this in terms of the potential usefulness of the intersections mingled with internal and (external?) colonial theory.

Micro Environmental Factors Essay

What micro environmental factors have affected Xeroxs performance since the late 1990s? Xerox has dominated the industry by inventing photocopying, simply changes in the internal environment shook its fortune and market value. At the beginning of technological change, Xerox lacked a solid guidance level. Poor lead makes poor marketing decisions. Restricted product options limited necessary opportunities for growth and staying atop competition. They were stuck on the copying and printing technology at the time when the customer market moved on to sharing documents and information digitally. The inability to meet customers demands drove down the stock price and cost the companionship profits. To stay in business, Xerox had to make changes in marketing channel firms, namely the revision of suppliers, by outsourcing to China.It improved product cost, while preserving quality and creating better customer value. big management modifications, in form of attaining good leadership, cutt ing down on workforce, and changing focus from selling product to fitting customer needs, saved companys economics from declining. It is until the recession of 2001 that negatively marked all economic activities to recover, Xerox made a major decision to acquire ACS, an IT company. Incorporation has fit the company with new expertise, capabilities, and business channels to proceed with a new business plan. Importantly, innovations allowed improving document management process, Xeroxs new outturn and marketing focus, dropping the number of technological errors and lowering labor to complete tasks.As the company expanded offering a broad portfolio of document management technology and services products, it redefined its name and altered Xeroxs competitors from copy machine producers to IT companies like HP and IBM. A new strong competition usually inspires more effort to swear out customers better. These changes in the Xeroxs micro environmental factors have positively affected th e companys ability to serve its customers. Being in business for more than 50 years brings the company advantages in the form of branding and strong reputation with consumers and other customers.

Investment and Equity Cost

2. Suppose the market portfolio has an expected return of 10% and a excitableness of 20%, while Microsofts stock has a volatility of 30%. A. Given its higher volatility, should we expect Microsoft to know an equity cost of majuscule that is higher than 10%? No, Microsoft is diversifiable and it will not be affected by the changes in the market. We do not expect Microsofts equity cost of capital to be higher than 10%. Each stock carries its own weight. B.What would have to be true for Microsofts equity cost of capital to be equal to 10%? In order for Microsofts equity cost of capital to be 10% its beta will have to be 1. 4. Suppose all possible investment opportunities in the world are limited to the quin stocks listed in the table below. What does the market portfolio consist of (what are the portfolio weights)? form Price/Share ($) Number of Shares Outstanding (millions) A 10 10B 20 12 C 8 3 D 50 1 E 45 20 Total value of the market = 1010+2012+83+501+4520= $1. 314 billion Stock Portfolio Weight A 1010= one hundred vitamin C/1314 =0. 0761 x 100 = 7. 61% B 2012= 240 240/1314 =0. 1826 x 100= 18. 6% C 83= 24 24/1314= 0. 0183 x 100 = 1. 83% D 50x 1 = 50 50/1314=0. 03381 x 100 = 3. 81% E 4520 = 900 900/1314= 0. 6859 x 100 = 68. 49% Total = 100% 5. Using the data in Problem 4, suppose you are holding a market portfolio, and have invested $12,000 in Stock C. A. How much have you invested in Stock A? 12,000x(1010)/(83)=$50,000

Outer Space Exploration

Skies The Limit? The exploration of quadriceps VS The issues on earth. Aileen Johnson English Composition Introduction We live in a universe of discourse where there argon environmental issues that range from global warming to air pollution. Environmental scientists dedicated themselves by putting years and years into finding a long-term solution for these issues. The effects of these issues rear end potentially be damaging in the next couple of decades so people live I apprehension of what is to come. This kindred fear impedes people from thinking outside of the box. We came so removed in the mist of our issues that it almost seems unfixable.With new technology today we behave miscellaneous ways for exploring outside our world to find new ways to make life on earth a little easier. Since issues on earth atomic number 18 still in effect, peoples fear of what is to come in the future rule out them from becoming aware of how exploring outside this world in space croup actua lly welfare us all, and how important it is to our planet earth. Although there are many an different(prenominal) environmental issues on earth, outer exploration should continue to be funded. Outer space exploration may be needed in the future to resist or solve new issues on earth to come. unaware To the BenefitsThere are many benefits to outer space exploration that people are aware not of. Before I decided to do research I was unaware of the number of things that we actually use today that would have never been possible if we did not explore outer space in the past, that we are button to get into later on is this paper. Imagine you went to the grocery store and spent 300 dollars on food, and you go home, check your pockets, and see the receipt for your purchase of food. instantly Imagined the food disappeared or you put the food away and it doesnt look the like as much food as you thought it was.Having spent specie on something that you do not really see too much results for great deal make you regret sheding so much funds, or prevent you from doing it again. This is the same concept with funding outer space exploration we see all of the money passing game into a project like adventure, without seeing the results of this uncollectible purchase. Another example is how we can fall out money. This example does not count for us individually but as a whole. When we get a accumulate some of money some times it is hard for us not to go crazy and spend everything or most of it.When we do go crazy and spend all of it on little things, eating out all time, clothes, or just small purchases, we get more upset when the money is gone and we have no idea where the money went. Thats the same as spending money on space and not seeing the results from the purchase. Other problems circles around on how important it is to fund outer space exploration. The way we prioritize things in this world can affect our ability to make decisions and restrict us to winning risks. For example, tax season come around and we get that nice refund rearwards and think of all the things that we can do with that check.Now lets say that bills and credits neb payments are the global issues and house leans and stocks are the outer space exploration. When we receive that that refund we become worriers and we think about all the bills we have to catch up on and what other things we need to pay off. Instead, we can look into investing into stocks and house leans that entrust benefit us in the future by fashioning us more money overtime. Since people do are so caught up on the current issue, investing into something that doesnt show results right away, bequeathing be last priority.If people do no understand the benefits of outer space exploration they can easily form the decision that it shouldnt be funded. If they do not k nowadays what outer space exploration can do for earth they will find it unnecessary. Knowing the benefits can change the minds of a lot of people who forms these opinions. Sharing with people the benefits of exploring outer space can stop the controversy that it shouldnt be funded any longer. There are a lot of websites that explain what people do in space, but not many go into detail about how it is beneficial to us on earth, this will mislead people into thinking that it is pointless.Not being aware of these benefits can generate fear in everyone when it comes down to spending money, which lead us to the next topic. Issues on Earth Distractions and Paranoia The issues we have here on earth distracts the minds of many people causing distractions and paranoia. There is a website that was designed to count in actually time how much money we are spending on war. You can see the numbers go up in actual time. This creates anxiety to people specifically in America because we know that war is one of the major issues we have here on earth.Yes we know that the war is costing a lot of money and its okay that to keep track o f that, but the amount of money spent is what people worry about. It is something that is keeping us in debt and some would also admit that the war is a pointless price to pay. When you have an issue as big as this, it scares people in to thinking that anything that we are spending money on now should show clear results from the money we are putting into it. Then we get distracted. With the issues here on earth rising day by day it distracts us.We can be aware of what NASA can do for us but the issues that clearly orbiting around us can make hold or attention for a long time. Let me give you an example how distraction and paranoia can be created. 99% percent of Americans watch TV, and there are many of those who watch the news. Imagine you turn on the TV and after your favorites show go of the news come on. You hear about the murders, theft, and car jacking that are going on. This grabs our attention and have us thinking about the high crime rate. Next its the poor education system s with high unemployment rate, the big distraction.Our minds are center now on the issues surrounding us. Next that comes on is the issue that take ins us allwar. This here is where our paranoia kicks in because not only is this an issue, it is something that is going to make us wonder, where is all the money coming from to support this idea. When we shut the TV off after the news finish we are left with the negative but uncoiled issues that are going on. We go to sleep with it in the back of our minds. The next day imagine you watch the morning news and the announcer comes on and say that the professorship just signed a multi-million dollar approval to invest millions in NASA for exploration of pace, without giving any clear reason on how this investment will benefit earth or the people on it. With the paranoia already build up in our minds and the anxiety from the issues we have yet to solve, investing millions of dollars into a cause that we do not think is necessary at the t ime can be a lot for us to want to jump up and barrack with. Now that we have this coarse issue of spending and being in debt, it forces Americans to budget or limit ourselves.They do not want to fund anything other than what we absolute need because the problems that are obvious like the money we spent on war, are way bigger than the problems that have yet to come, therefore we limit our thinking for now when we can be preparing for the future. Now that we know that by people being oblivious to how outer space exploration can be beneficial and how the money we spend on other issues on earth can make us a little paranoid about what we spend money on but may be designed exactly how outer space exploration or O. S. E can actually prevent issues on earth and dish us, we can support it rather than oppose it.O. S. E Preventing Issues on Earth Outer space exploration can prevent future problems and help with current issues on earth. When people oppose the idea of funding O. S. E, they tend to forget about the satellites they we have out there. Those very same satellites that would have not existed if it was not for O. S. E in the premiere place. These satellites are like god to us with the modern technology that we have today and knowing how we benefit from them is important. Satellites in outer space control a lot of things that we can take advantage of according to this article.It helps to predict the weather, GPS navigations and locate other things also. How can predicting the weather help with issues on earth you may ask? Knowing when a snow storm is coming help us to prepare in advance to put salt down on the roads so that people would not slide on ice when there are driveway and get into an accident. Knowing when a hurricane is going to hit, let us know to get generators for power and gas for cars, food and water for everyone. Knowing that it is going to be dangerously hot with heat wave ahead lets us know to stay home under the AC rather to drive somewh ere far and put ourselves in danger of the heat.All of these issues that can arise on earth, prevented just by simply predicting the weather, and the weather predicted from the help of satellites in outer space. Another benefit that too many people do not know about is that space also provide certain metals used to build aircraft and the same ones are also used in healthcare facilities around the world for medicine. We benefit also from the GPS, saving us time, frustration and gas. This seemingly not a huge issue on earth at the moment until you is in a dangerous situation and need to get somewhere fast like get lost in the woods.Also GPS help police locate criminals, crime, and other mobilizing action that can cause danger to civilians. Being able to position a lamentable target in actual time has helped different people with different careers like aircrafts, ships, soldiers, and the US government. Without satellites the modern careers we have today would not exists, leading us t o many issues to run into in the future. Can you imagine the many issues that we would be facing not knowing when a dangerous snowstorm is going to hit? Or getting lost in the middle of knows where without a phone to call 911.Issues like the ones mentioned in the last paragraph are prevented everyday winning somebody somewhere out of a dangerous situation thanks to the satellites that were created through O. S. E. Knowing how the earth orbits the sun helps ups a great deal also. O. S. E helped us to discover other planets they have different resources that we may use in the future once we are able to tap into them. These resources can help us in the future when it is our last resort and we have nothing less. Being able to make use of resources out of planets in space now for the future is important.Why wait for the issue to arise to try and fix it when we can prevent it before it even happens? Think About it. Conclusion Reflect back on how far we can with technology because of disc overs we made in outer spaces. All the distractions people see and hear on the news everyday can now become just another issue along with not funding O. S. E. That paranoia that people have that we are wasting money on something that we do not need can now go away, and you can feel at ease knowing the that we benefit a great deal from these explorations.Its like now you know what you are investing in and seeing that the benefits will set us up for the future can help you relax a little and support the cause. Outer space exploration led us to discover such advance technology that we can use today. These same discoveries can help prevent issues on earth. The fact that satellites predict the weather is major. The fact that GPS can locate crime is major. The fact that the same technology helps our troops in combat, in officers on duty is major. These things are all beneficial to us in multiple ways.If outer space exploration wasnt funded in the first place we would have not have been ab le to do research to discover these things that we benefit from today in the past we were open to funding this, and in the future that is now the present, we are able to benefit from those explorations. Further research may be able to prevent new problems in the future. Funding O. S. E uses only a tiny fraction of what we spend on war today, yet we benefit from it more than our current biggest investment. We need to think more in the future so that when it gets here we can continue to advance and become affective fixing issues before they come.REFERENCES Baker, David. Scientific American Inventions From Outer Space terrestrial Uses for NASA Technology. New York, NY, 2 McClatchy-Tribune Information services news Washington June 7, 2009 Ashford University library. http//search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Neil, Tyson Author Foreign Affairs Mar/Apr2012, Vol. 91 Issue 2, p22-33, 12p of Ashford Universit y Library. http//search. proquest. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/pqcentral/docview/458167003/13CA8999DD0412DC52/7? accountid=32521 Steitz, David E.

Jails and Prisons Essay

Jails and prisons are corrective institutions which are meant to curb criminal activities in the society. They are also meant to punish the offenders. Prisons execute imprisonment which involves legal penalties. Jails and prisons should basically be aimed at punishing and rehabilitating the offender so as he/she exit not repeat the crime which he/she was convicted of. The federal spending on correctional activities has also been gradually increasing.In the recent past federal authorities has been enhancing its efforts to improve jails and prisons conditions as a sign of recognizing some human rights entitled to criminals. Nowadays, those serving imprisonment sentences can access various facilities. These include religious services, schooling facilities, and recreational facilities in the exercise yard. The prisoners health is also well taken care of. Prisoners are also trained and imparted with some skills which may be encouraging in their future life.In our contemporary prisons, prisoners are provided with entertainment facilities such as pool tables and TV. (Cavadino & Dignan 2006) USA jails and prisons are both meant to rehabilitate and punish the offenders. replacement is an effective method of ensuring no re-offence so as to reduce the number of prisoners population. This program seeks to address the casual links to offending, and employ cognitive behavioral access towards modifying the prisoners behaviors.Counselors are used to ensure success of such programs. Those involved in use of prohibited substances and a number of civil crimes are usually rehabilitated. On the other hand, some criminal activities necessitate punishments such as fines, strokes and capital punishment. Capital punishment is applied to serious criminal activities such as terrorism, espionage, cheat or mass destruction. (McGuire 2002 Cavadino & Dignan 2006)

Ecosystems: Ecological Succession and Climatic Climax

Ecosystems Change and Challenge The Structure of Ecosystems Ecosystem a dynamic, stable system characterised by the interaction of limits and zoologys with each(prenominal) former(a) and with the non-living components of the environment The components of an ecosystem ar categorised as either biotic and abiotic Biotic meaning the living environment, components take i). Vegetation (living and decomposing) ii).Mammals, insects, birds and microorganisms Biomass-the mass of material in the bo emits of brutes and plants (total mass of living matter) Abiotic means the non-living, chemical and physical components of the ecosystem and includes i). Climate- in particular the dateal pattern of temperature and precipitation ii). blemish characteristics iii). Underlying kindle shiver iv). Relief of the impart v). D rainage characteristicsEcosystems be open systems because pushing and living matter stub both enter and leave the system * Inputs-Energy from the sun, which drives photo synthesis-enabling the plants to grow, body of water transported into the ecosystem from precipitation and animals that arrive from elsewhere * Outputs-nutrients ar transferred away of the system by animals can physically move out, water can leave through with(predicate) evapotranspiration, understandingwater precipitate and throughflow * Flows-nutrients can be transferred from one store to well-nigh other e. g. apillary uptake * Stores- stores of nutrients flora, plant litter and estates Energy Flows and nutrient cycling Energy flows- is the flow of energy through a aliment chain * Energy flows flow through an ecosystem from one stage to another. * Through photosynthesis plants are able to capture brighten energy from the sun to receive carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water to grow and accession their biomass * Within all ecosystems, nutrients are packd for plant festering and are recycled from one store to another e. g. leaves fall from tree- when they deco mpose nutrients are re tranceed to the terra firmaGersmehl diagram- shows the cycling of nutrients at heart the main stores of biome * Circles of proportionate size represent the stores of nutrients with the biomass, litter and soil * Nutrient transfers, inputs and outputs are represented by arrows of varying thickness Inputs- include nutrients(carbon and nitrogen) and minerals(from wea at that placed parent rock) Outputs-loss of nutrients from the soil by leaching and surface runoff Flows- cockle fall from biomass to litter, decomposition of litter, flow of nutrients to soil, uptake of nutrients by plants and treesThe movement of energy up the trophic take aims shows the food chain as each trophic level occupies a different position. However food chains, in reality, are often more(prenominal)(prenominal) complicated than this. or so species can occupy more than one position in any food web may be prey to more than one animal etc. Nutrient cycles in an ecosystem take place b etween the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. This can be shown through the Gersmehl diagram. * Nutrients lose three stores the soil, litter and biomass. Nutrients are transferred through the three stores through fall of dead tissue, absorption through plant root and decomposition etc. Inputs of nutrients include precipitation and the weathering of parent rock Outputs include loss from runoff and leaching Flows include leaf fall (from the biomass to the litter), decomposition of litter(flow of nutrients to the soil) Trophic levels, food chains and webs Energy transfer inside an ecosystem, represented by a pyramid diagram * At each trophic level, some energy is available as food for the next level * Each level decreases in size, 90% of energy lost through demeanor rocesses- respiration, movement and excretion * Only 10% available as food, depend of living organisms decreases as trophic levels append Producers/autotrophs- first layer, produce their own food through p hotosynthesis(green plants) Primary consumers-eat the producers(herbivores) Secondary consumers-consume the herbivores(carnivores) Tertiary consumers-top predators that eat secondary coil consumers Detrivores and decomposers operate at each trophic level i). Detrivore-feeds on dead material or waste products ii).Decomposer-an organism that breaks down dead plants, animals and waste matter e. g. fungi and bacteria * at that place are normally 4 links in a food chain, each link feeds on and obtains energy from the previous link and is consumed by and provides energy for the proceeding link * There are a enlarged number of food chains that operate in ecosystems, it is also made even more complicated as animals have varied diets, this can be shown in a food web Ecosystems in the British Isles Over Time date and Climax Succession-a series of changes that take place in the plant confederacy over snipClimatic climax-the final stage of the plant period, where the plant life is in residual with the environmental conditions. Providing the environmental conditions remain unchanged there will be no change in the botany once the stage is reached * If allowed to glide by undisturbed , the ecological succession will reach its climatical climax- where the plant species live in gross(a) balance with the current environmental conditions * Climate is the major influence of vegetation on a global scale * On a local scale-drainage, geology and relief affect plant growthThere are two basic types of succession 1. Primary succession- pass offs on surfaces that have had no previous vegetation There are two main types of primary succession * Xeroseres are formed on juiceless work, this sort out can be divided into lithoseres on bare rock and psammoseres on sand dunes * Hydroseres are formed in water, haloseres in salt water and hydroseres in fresh water 2. Secondary succession occurs on land that was actorly vegetated but has undergone a loss of vegetation E. g. Def orestation Development of a successionAs the succession weakens it passes through a series of stages called seres(individual stages in the plant succession) where the processes of invasion, settlement, competition, domination and dec job operate to influence the composition of the vegetation i). Plants first invade bare ground through the processes of dispersal and migration ii). Pioneer species are adapted to surviving harsh conditions (e. g. long-rooted salt-tolerant marram grass), they compete for available space, light, water and nutrients, when they die they help modify the environment by adding organic matter iii).The addition of organic matter to the developing soil improves its structure and water retention qualities iv). A period of relative stability is at long last reached where the vegetation has reached its climax, the climax is dominated by the tallest species v). The saturation point has been reached with all potential niches occupied- climatic climax community, wh ere the innate(p) vegetation has reached a stable balance with the mode and soils of the cranial orbit Polyclimax theory- the theory that local factors (drainage, geology, relief and micro modes) can create variations in the climatic climax communityPlagioclimax- the plant community that exists when human interjectnce prevents the climatic climax being reached Lithosere Is a succession that begins life on newly exposed rock surface e. g. eruption of a volcano i). The bare rock is initially colonised by bacteria and algae ii). The pioneers begin to colonise, starting with lichens, they begin to break down the rock and assist water retention iii). As water retention improves, mosses begin to grow, water retention improves and weathering to produce the beginning of a soil where advanced plants can grow iv).Ferns, herbs and f humbleing plants appear and die back, bacteria converts their remains into humus, helps to recycle nutrients and improve soil fertility v). Shrubs start to gro w vi). Pioneer trees become established, normally fast growing e. g. willow, birch vii). sluggish growing tree species begin to develop (e. g. ash and oak), they are the dominants of the climatic climax community- termperate broad-leafed forest Hydrosere A hydrosere develops as follows i). In a fresh water environment, submerged aquatics are the first plants to develop, they help to trap sediment which enables other species to move in i). The next seral stage is the growth of reed beds and souse conditions iii). Colonisation by alder and fern begins, they further modify the environmental conditions, improving drainage and mineral content of the immature soil, allowing the entry of willow and ash iv). The climatic climax vegetation of deciduous oak or beech woodland is reached, throughout the succession there are progressive changes to the soil conditions, ground-level microclimate and animal exercise Temperate Deciduous WoodlandA biome is a global-scale ecosystem and is a natur ally occurring organic community of plants and animals in the climatic climax stage of succession * Tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous woodland are both examples of high energy biomes * Low energy biomes are the tundra in the high latitudes and the hot retracts in the low latitudes, the vegetation is scarce and net primary productivity is low * Temperate deciduous woodland is a high energy biome which has a relatively high productivity. It is ready in id latitudes on the borders of continents where there is adequate moisture. Climate * Temperature trudges from 5 17 in Winter and Summer * 500-2,000mm of rain per year, varies seasonally * Low force per unit area systems * western winds Vegetation * Broadleaved deciduous trees are the dominant species, oak are the tallest * Trees develop large crowns and broad but thin leaves * Shed their leaves in the winter, reduces transpiration when less water is available * Net primary production-1,200g dry organic matter per M? er year * Most woodlands show some stratification * Below the cover is the shrub layer * Just above the forest floor is the herb layer * Epiphytes e. g. lichens and mosses grow on the trunks and branches of trees * A thick layer of leaf litter is readily broken down by soil microbes and animals Soil * Brown Earth soil 1. 5m deep * Leaf litter makes the soil more fertile in Autumn * Well mixed with decomposers so it becomes fertile quickly * Leaching occurs when there is snowmelt or intense rain, which is not uncommon cop factorsPlant successions can be stopped from reaching climatic climax or deflected to a different climax, by human interference The resulting vegetation is called a plagioclimax, this can be caused by * deforestation or afforestation * animal grazing or trampling * fire clearance A secondary succession is one that develops on land that has previously been vegetated The stages of secondary succession may be more rapid than those of primary succession because organic matter is already present in the soil, the pioneer stage may be short or absent- climatic climax is reached in a much shorter timePlagioclimax broom moor 1. As the soils deteriorated without the deciduous vegetation, hardy plants such(prenominal) as heather come to dominate the uplands. 2. Sheep grazing became the major form of agriculture and the sheep prevented the regeneration of climax woodland by destroying unripened saplings 3. Many of these uplands have been controlled by managed burning to encourage new heather shoots 4. Burning has eliminated the less fire-resistant species, leading to the dominance of heather 5.One of the aims of burning heather is to ensure as much as possible of the available nutrient is conserved in the ecosystem 6. Burnt on average every 15 years, If the time elapses more then there is too much treelike tissue and nutrients are lost in smoke Tropical biomes In a equatorial rainforest biome referable to the constant high temperature and rainfall, v egetation grows more quickly, large amounts of net primary production Biodiversity- the variety of species within an ecosystem Leaching-soluble bases are removed from a soil by downward-percolating water in environments where precipitation exceeds evaporationNet primary production-the amount of energy fixed in photosynthesis minus the energy lost by respiration in plants The tropical equatorial rainforest biome The tropical rainforest biomes are between latitudes 10N and 10S of the equator Climate * The equatorial climate has little variation, temperatures remain high throughout the year * High diurnal temperature range, high during day and low during the night- ascribable to no insulating clouds to keep the heat in * Annual precipitation is high, often in excess of 2000mm, rain falls all ear round at the equator because of the inter-tropical convergence zone dominates the atmospheric conditions Evapotranspiration is rapid, due to sun heats the loaded forest * low mechanical pre ss conditions allow air to be rapidly uplifted * As the air rises it cools and water drying up condenses into clouds, the clouds continue to build into the afternoon- leading to heavy rain and thunder, returning the previously uplifted moisture back to ground levelHumidity is high throughout the year, continuous evapotranspiration adds water vapour to the air On the forest floor there is little breeze as the trade winds converge here Soils Underlying soil will have developed naturally over a long period of time and be in balance with its environment, this is known as zonal soil The zonal soil associated with the tropical rainforest is a latosolyh Characteristic features * A latosol can be more than 40m deep The constant hot wet climate provides perfect conditions for chemical weathering of the bedrock * Ferrallitisation is the process where bedrock is broken down by chemical weathering into clay minerals and sesquioxides * Red colour due to the presence of iron and atomic number 1 3 minerals * As there is a moisture surplus in the equatorial climate(rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration), there is a downward movement of water through the soil * silicon oxide materials are washed out of the A horizon and transported downwards by water by a process called leaching * Iron and aluminium compounds are less soluble and are left behind * The latosol is nutrient poor, plant uptake of nutrients is roughly equal to the input from decomposed litter * Soil moisture usage occurs throughout this period, as evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation Vegetation Rainforests are the nigh diverse and productive biome, also the most fragile The vegetation is in harmony with its environment and is a climatic climax community where the dominant species are the hardwood trees * The net primary production of the rainforest is 2,200g M? yr the cypher is high because the growing season lasts all year and the litter is rapidly decomposed, replacing nutrients taken up by the v egetation * There can be up to 300 species of trees in every Km? * The forest has a layered appearance, with the tallest trees(emergents), standing up to 45m, above the canopy, the canopy absorbs most of the sunlight and intercepts most of the precipitation * When a tree dies it brings down others as it falls, new trees grow quickly taking advantage of the light, it decomposes quickly assisted by detrivores and the hot and humid conditions * Fungi that grows on trees and has an important role in decomposing litterThe vegetation has developed and adapted to physical conditions of the rainforest * The trees grow rapidly, the leaves at the tops of the trees absorb light and photosynthesise, the bark is thin as the trees dont need harborion from harsh winter conditions * The top layer of soil contains the minerals the trees need, there is also an abundant supply of water, roots do not need to be deep e. g. buttress roots, also help to stabilise the trees * The leaves have adapted to th e regular heavy rainfall by developing drip-trips, which allows excess water to be easily shed, the leaves are also thick and leathery to withstand strong sunlight and reduces the loss of water from the plant * Epiphytes grow on the trees, as the forest floor is dark * Rainforests form the home ground for a huge number of species The effects of human activity on plant succession Deforestation is the deliberate clearance of woodland by cutting, burning or the application of a defoliant * Climatic climax vegetation has been destroyed, this has resulted in both secondary succession and plagioclimax * The vegetation that replaces the original rainforest tends to be smaller in height and less diverse, with a reduction in the public biomass Causes of deforestation * Demand for hardwood, e. g. teak, its demand for building and furniture is increasing * Many developing countries rely on export earnings from timber to help put up their debts and finance major development projects * To pro vide land for rubber plantations, cattle ranches for beef farming, soya plantations, mining, roads and railways * Population pressure has also led to an increase in the clearance of rainforests Impacts of deforestation * As habitats shrink, plant species become endangered and the food chain within the forest is disrupted * Some animal species are threatened by extinction The vegetation protects the latosol soils from the regular heavy tropical downpours * Once the trees are removed the topsoil is open to erosion and to leaching of nutrients and minerals * runoff causes sediment to block river channels and increases flooding * The microclimate of the forest is disturbed by deforestation-the daily water cycle of rapid evapotranspiration followed by afternoon precipitation cannot occur, there is less cloud cover and a greater temperature range * The use of burning leads to local air pollution and contributes to climate change7 * Economic benefits in call of income from mining, farmin g and exports from hardwood * Culture of the indigenous citizenry is destroyed and they may be forced to move from their land People are one of the arresting factors that interfere with plants succession. They can often stop a plant succession from growing and then when this is maintained it is known as a plagioclimax. Sheep grazing on moorland is an example. A secondary succession is a plant succession that takes place on land that has already been colonised.Secondary succession can follow a natural disaster such as a volcanic eruption or a period of human intervention such as colonising a former quarry site. Much of the British Isles was covered in deciduous woodland with the climax species being either Oak or Ash depending on the soil and the underlying parent rock. This was largely cleared for agriculture and settlement which has started a plagioclimax in most areas of Britain. Tropical Biome Savannah Grassland Climate * Wet and dry seasons * 500-1000mm of rain per year * Hot throughout the year * High pressure and strong trade winds in the dry season * Wet season dominated by the ITCZ * Fires may occur caused by heat and lightning Vegetation Trees dominate over grasses where the wet season is longer dense rainforest towards the equator * Grasses may be up to 2m tall long roots * Deciduous * Adaptations include fire resistant bark, water storage etc. Soil * Deep red lateric soils * Influenced by climate * Silica is leached downwards in the wet season * Crust formed in the dry season Biodiversity * Greater towards the equator * Acacia, Baobab, Umbrella Thorn, Elephant Grass * Great animal migrations occur meaning that biodiversity drops at certain times * 40% of the land in Tanzania has been designated as a National Park to help conserve biodiversity * African Elephant, B drop Rhino, Zebra and Cheetah are endangered The Savanna grassland biome ClimateThe tropical wet and dry climate of Africa shows seasonal variation in wind direction, precipitation and temperature Variations occur with increasing latitude from the equator Precipitation varies * Equatorial rainforest margins more than 1,000mm per year, rain season lasts 10-11months * Desert/semi-arid margins are less than 500mm per year, away from the equator the reliability of the rainfall decreases, except 1-2 months rainy season Temperature varies * The equatorial rainforest margin temperature range is 22C in the wet season and 28C in the dry season * On the desert margins the temperature range from 18C in the wet season to 34C in the dry seasonDuring the dry season, the semitropic anticyclone moves over the desert margins, the subsiding air of the high pressure suppresses convection, giving rise to clear skies and high daytime temperatures The trade winds blow from the high pressure towards the ITCZ, moves towards the coast. The air has a low moisture content, known as harmatten In the wet season, the ITCZ migrates polewards, it brings rainfall because uplift and convection are fed by moist, unstable, tropical nautical air, the poles have a short rainy season so have low annual rainfall Ecological responses soil moisture budgets e. g. Northern gold coast Soil moisture recharge-July to early August precipitation becomes greater than evapotranspiration, rainwater fills the empty pores in the soil, reaches field capacitySoil moisture surplus- August-September, at field capacity, soil is saturated, rainwater has difficulty infiltrating ground leads to surface runoff, leads to high river levels Soil moisture utilisation-October, evapotranspiration begins to exceed precipitation, more water evaporating and being transpired by plants than falling as rain Soil moisture deficit- December, when soil moisture is used up, water deficit, plants can only survive if drought resistant, period continues until precipitation becomes greater than evapotranspiration Northern Ghana characteristics * drawn-out period of moisture deficit * Short period of moisture surplus * Total annual potential evapotranspiration greater than total potential precipitationAdaptations by vegetation * Vegetation in wetter areas consist of tall coarse grasses, with many deciduous trees- Tree savanna * Shorter tussock grass becomes dominant in desert margins, accompanied by drought-resistant trees e. g. acacia and baobab, known as grassland and shrub savannas * Trees are deciduous, have hard leathery leaves to reduce transpiration losses, other plants are microphyllous (small leaves) for the same reason * In the tree savanna, isolated trees have low umbrella shaped crowns that shade root areas and reduce soil moisture evaporation Xerophytic characteristics, adaptations to dry surround * dense cell fluids hard waxy leaves Reduce water loss * thorns and saved stomata Two main types of trees i). Acacia-has a crown structure, often flattened by trade winds, loses leaves in the dry season ii). Baobab-thick spongy trunk, long tap roots, baobab is pyrophytic, withstand fire due to insulating bark Grassland savanna- grasses are tussocky, enables them to retain some moisture shrub or scrub savanna- there are many acacia trees, thorn bushes and short tufted grasses, fewer leaves so retain more water, turn blades away from sun to reduce water loss Impact of human activity Two main effects on the vegetation i).Grass is burnt off, make better growth of young grass next season for grazing, regular burning makes it difficult for young trees and bushes to become established, dominated by herbaceous plants and indigenous woody plants that can survive fire e. g. acacia and baobab ii). Woody plants, killed by cattle eating their foliage, thorny animal-repellent trees and shrubs such as acacia, therefore become numerous The tropical monsoon forest biome Climate * High temperatures throughout the year, small annual range(19C-30C) because of the location within the tropics * Annual precipitation is high * Winds blow in from the naval with very moist air and heavy rainf all during May-October, the rest of the year the air is drierEcological responses Soil moisture budgets * Precipitation is much higher than potential evapotranspiration during the wet season * High rainfall totals result in saturation of the soil, some of the moisture can be utilised by vegetation * A soil moisture deficits occurs by January, deciduous trees lose their leaves in response to drought conditions * The period of moisture deficit is shorter then that experienced in the tropical savanna biome * The months of surplus during the wet monsoon season result in the leaching of bases and silica and very little humus is allowed to develop in the top layers Adaptations by vegetation and animals The canopy is not continuous, tallest trees are smaller, provide an incomplete cover * This means there is less competition for light, allowing greater development of vegetation at lower levels * Fewer species of trees, common species are sal, pyinkado and teak all of which are stintingally valuable * Trees do not possess buttress roots and they develop large round crowns * The bark is often thick, to protect them from the harsh climate of the dry season, leaves are thin * Deciduous trees shed their leaves in response to a lack of moisture, to reduce transpiration during the dry season, this allows the light to reach the forest floor, leads to the development of dense undergrowth Impact of human activity * Tropical monsoon forests are fragile ecosystems, next deforestation almost impossible for existing food webs to continue, all rophic levels are affected, results in massive decrease in natural vegetation * Removal of monsoon forests due to increasing population pressure * Deforestation due to agricultural land and fuel wood due to rapidly increasing population * Teak has been work for export to developed countries, many indigenous species are endangered Development issues in the three biomes Brazil has the greatest species diversity, a smaller proportion of its la nd is protected than in Tanzania, in Tanzania 39. 6% of the land is designated National Parkland Species diversity is of crucial importance because * Plants photosynthesise * Trees act as a carbon shake off * Some species purify water, fixing nitrogen, recycling nutrients and waste * Insects pollinate cropsIn all three biomes the natural environments are threatened by population growth and economic development Ecosystem issues on a local scale preservation-preservation of the natural environment Ecology-the study of the relationships between living things and their environment Sustainable development-The commission of resources in such a way that the ability of the system to replace itself is greater than the level of exploitation In urban areas they contain a wide variety of habitats e. g. industrial sites, derelict land and parks- thus difficult to make generalisations about urban ecology- all these habitats contain different mixes of flora and faunaThis means there are opportu nities for secondary succession, particularly where land becomes derelict. Urban niches Many urban habitats are specialised, within one site a number of different niches or microhabitats might be available for plants and animals to colonise. e. g. bare tarmac, stone walls, Mosses taking root on high buildings Colonisation of wasteland Plant succession-the change on a community of species over time, is brought about by changes in the microenvironment due to e. g. supply of new species, competition between species and changes in habitat The types of plants that can initially colonise are influenced by i). Slope- horizontal surfaces debris accumulates, eventually develops into soil ii).Moisture availability-gentle slopes, rainwater accumulates and steep slopes-faster runoffs iii). Aspect-south facing slopes are warmer and drier iv). Porosity-(ability to hold water), the greater porosity the quicker the colonisation v). Surface roughness-allowing plants to get a hold vi). Pollution leve ls-substances that are toxic to plants e. g. lead, contaminates the ground Succession-e. g. Industrial site Stage 1 Pioneers- * Mosses and lichens are the first plants to develop on bare surfaces * Able to exist in areas with little water, obtaining nutrients through photosynthesis * When the plants die they provide a thin mat of organic matter, produces a protosoil that other species can root into Stage 2 Oxford ragwort- Cracks in the surface provide sheltered places for seeds to germinate and retain moisture * Oxford ragwort, wind-blown seeds, has a long flowering season 180-190 days, enables it to produce millions of seeds * At this stage, succession is usually rapid Stage 3 Tall herbs- * As these plants die they produce a thicker and more nutrient-rich soil * Taller plants that are more demanding of good growth conditions can become established e. g. Willowherb Stage 4 Grassland- * As soil enrichment continues, the amount of grass in the vegetation increases * Japanese knotweed, grow up to 3m in height, their dense canopies shade out most species beneath them Stage 5 Scrub woodland- Processes of soil enrichment and competition continues, taller herbaceous plants replaced by shrubs and eventually trees * As herbaceous plants thicken it becomes difficult for these small-seeded plants to establish As plant succession develops, there are changes to the fauna * Soil fauna-increase in number of earthworms as soil improves and increase in the number and diversity of the insect population * Sub-stratum variations-caused by differences in the nature of the surface being colonised Ecologies along route ways * Routeways are distinctive habitats because exotic species of plants and insects may be brought in by traffic, provide wildlife corridors for e. g. oxes * Railway lines- during days of steam trains there were denounce fires which burnt of tall species (allowing light through) encouraging light-demanding species to establish * Windborne seeds can be sucked along by trains and a lack of human interference encourages wildlife e. g. badgers * The nitrogen-rich exhaust fume boost the growth of some wild flowers and increase the presence of insects and animals further up the food chain * Canals act like long ponds providing a habitat for a variety of aquatic plants e. g. ducks Introduction of new species Cities are centres for the establishment and spread of inappropriate species, species * Europe-e. g. Sycamore * Japan-e. g. Japanese KnotweedSuch species can be introduced by crooked seeds, seeds carriers by animals and forms of transport e. g. trains Urban areas are attractive because of the variety of habitats, the constant creation of new habitats and the reduced level of competition Gardens and parks Are areas where the vegetation is managed * Species are introduced from overseas and others are removed or controlled by mowing, weeding or the use of pesticides/herbicides * Sports fields reduce the diversity of plant species by maintaining grass pitches * unselfish motives- to give a dull urban area some colour and improving the aesthetic value of the area * Improving the visual outlook-hiding eyesores (e. g. actories) encourage businesses or residents to move in * Schools produce a diverse environment for study purposes * topical anaesthetic businesses may want a pleasant site to attract customers * Local authorities provide the public with an arboretum * Birdwatchers wish for a diverse environment to attract new species * Act as noise and pollution inhibitors * offer shade in hot urban environments * Reduce soil erosion on embankments Changes in the rural urban fringe * Although much of the land on the rural/urban fringe is a green belt area meaning that its protected from development, there will be increasing pressure to do so as plans for 50,000 houses over the next few years. The rural urban fringe is under pressure from development, In the UK are designated green belt, with regulations that strictly contro l new development * Farmers face problems from illegal encampments, trespassing and vandalism * Secondary succession may begin on unintended fields with the growth of weeds * Despite a lack of investment, land prices are often high, due to speculation of future development, derelict land has an advantage in gaining mean permission * Recent government policy is in favour of sustainable development of the rural-urban fringe and the recycling of derelict/degraded land e. g. planting of woodland * Country parks are relatively unmanaged and harbour more natural plant communities, providing potential breeding sites for bird species. e. g. skylark Ecological conservation areas conservation areas are developed for * Encouraging wildlife back into cities * Making cheap use of an otherwise derelict area Reducing maintenance costs in an area * Maintaining a diverse species base and reintroducing locally extinct species Such work includes * Planting of trees, planting of native species, dredg ing of ponds and soil improvements * Group organisations behind such conservation include The National Trust Different groups have different priorities, local authorities have planning needs and have to balance the desire to make use of derelict land against the potential cost to local taxpayers E. g. conservation groups want to create environments where traditional species can establish and local people want a safe environment for leisure Dulwich Upper Wood conservation area This was once a wooded area and the site of Crystal palace however now it has been turned in to an ecological conservation area which is open and attempt to accommodate everyone. * Is open at all times * Has a meshwork of trails, some are suitable for wheelchairs Species in the wood * Trees e. g. Oak and ash, ground in the wood is deeply shaded, only a few shrubs e. g. laurel and a few plants from the quaint woodland e. g. bluebell * Over 250 types of fungi e. g. mushrooms, they live on dead wood or leaf li tter percentage to break down these materials and return nutrients to the soil * Many mammals e. g. foxes and over 40 species of birds e. g. woodpeckers Why the site is interesting? Conservation of both abandoned Victorian gardens and ancient woodland * A number of preserved and re-created habitats e. g. wet areas and herb gardens * The site is both managed and allowed to grow wild in some areas, a range of different habitats * Plenty of wildlife, over 40 species of birds * Original habitats preserved, enabling native species of plants and animals to survive * A good example of how habitats can be preserved and created and be quiet allow public access through a network of trails * The site has an educational value with a posted nature trail Ecosystem issues on a global scale Human activity, biodiversity and sustainability * Worlds population continues to grow, increasing the stress upon resources and environmental systems e. g. ater, land * Population and growth and economic devel opment resulted in spiralling demand for natural resources and reduction in natural ecosystems and biodiversity * 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment- stated that humans have changed ecosystems extensively, resulting in a substantial loss of the diversity of life on Earth * 1/3 of plant species are threatened globally and that climate change could result in the extinction of up to 1 million of the worlds species by 2050 * United Nations and the World Wide Fund for Nature are working to educate people to protect ecosystems and to software documentation sustainable development * 1997 Kyoto conference on the environment resulted in the most industrialised countries agreeing to cut their carbon dioxide emissions by 30% by 2010 * UK government created the UK biodiversity follow up Plan in 1994, setting aims for the next 20 years * Protecting the best sites for wildlife-10% of the UK designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) * Targeting action on precedence species and h abitats-2007 UK diversity Partnership published list of 1,149 priority species and 65 habitats * Embedding consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in all sections of policy * Encouraging people to change their behaviour, to environmental issues Management of fragile environments A fragile environment lacks resilience to a change in conditions, many ecosystems are vulnerable to change e. g. introduction of foreign species CASE STUDY Central Amazon Conservation Complex (tropical rainforests) The destruction of the Amazon rainforest has been particularly harmful to the biodiversity there. To prevent this some places have been protected by law meaning that they are undisturbed.There are three separate reserves which are linked and is known as the Central Amazon Conservation Complex. The total size of these three areas is bigger than Switzerland. 1. Jau National Park 2,272,000 ha 2. Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve 260,000 ha 3. Amana Sustainable Development Reserve 2,230,000 ha This is a UNESCO world heritage site is the second largest protected area of tropical rainforest in the world. The area is sparsely populated and there are no transport links other than boats. There are no major projects such as hydroelectric dams and some incidences of search and poaching by outsiders for commercial gain This area has one of the most diverse flora and fauna in the world.These include * 200+ species of mammals * 500+ species of birds e. g. parrots * 300+ species of fish * Reptiles and amphibians e. g. red coral snake Some of these are endangered which means that the area requires extra protection. e. g. spider monkey and puma Management The management has three main functions * To protect the land and to minimise the impact of human activity * To research, catalogue and protect biodiversity * To manage specific activities, such as tourism They have drawn up a zoning plan which shows how much activity has been going on in each area. 1. Primitive Zone M inimal human intervention as this is land of great natural beauty 2.Extensive Use Zone There has been a small amount of activity 3. Intensive Use Zone surround has been significantly altered due to human intervention 4. Special Use Zone where services operate to monitor an protect the rainforest A management strategy was developed by local communities and with other representatives resulted in * Hunting and logging for commercial gain is prohibited * Inhabitants receive environmental education and meliorate healthcare * Increased economic production from natural resources, ensure a sustainable future for those in the rainforest * Zoning and protection, resulted in an increase in the productivity of the forest and aquatic resourcesCASE STUDY Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania (savanna grasslands) * The parkland occupies 2,305,100 ha, known for herds of wildebeest, 1,300,000 * Endangered species, African elephant, perhaps only 2,000 left * more(pre nominal) than 500 species of birds e. g. flamingo * Populated by the Masai Mara, who have an extensive system of land management which requires large areas for the grazing of cattle and Maras cultural command forbids the eating of wild animals, so biodiversity is protected History * Today over 52,000 Masai Mara * 1980s, economic situation improved, tourism increased which allowed the park authorities to reconstruct the infrastructure and to re-establish anti-poaching units * 90,000 visitors a year, although tourism is managed sustainably-200,000 animals are still illegally killed by poachers each year Management Buffer zones called community Wildlife Management Areas * Local people are encouraged and have legal rights to make decisions regarding the management of wildlife, hoping to curb illegal poaching * 36% of the population live below the poverty line has resulted in ever increasing pressure on existing resources * A new threat to the natural grasslands is the invasion of the non-native Mexican prickly poppy, rapidly takes over an overgrazed land crowding out native species * Tanzania is committed to protecting 42,000km? of land, UK has 1/10 of the land protected The main aim is to preserve the countrys rich natural heritage and to provide securing breeding grounds for its flora and fauna , safe from the conflicting interests of a growing human population The Sundarbans uncommunicative Forest, Bangladesh (tropical monsoon forest) Population pressure in Bangladesh is severe, large areas of the forest have been cleared to provide more space for agriculture and settlement e. g. 1000 inhabit every km? Threats A number of risks threaten the Sundarbans * Climate change- sea levels are rising at 3mm a year, cause flooding of low lying delta land * Abstraction of water-40% reduction in flow leading to increased salinity of the land and water * Deforestation-e. g. in the Himalayas leading to greater volumes of silt being deposited by rivers * 3 million people li ve in small villages * Fishing camps are a major disturbance in the area, with some illegal hunting and trapping of species e. g. turtles * Water pollution e. g. Khulna aquatic wildlife badly affected * Natural disasters e. g. 2007 a cyclone killed 3,000 people and most of the larger trees were uprooted Flora and faunaThe Sundarbans consists of a vast network of rivers, mudflats and islands which are vegetated by mangroves(salt tolerant trees), act as natural buffers against storm surges and protect the land from tropical cyclones which occur during the summer monsoon season Endangered predators in this eco-region e. g. Royal Bengal tiger estimated at 350 Management * There are seven conservation areas, including three wildlife sanctuaries * Under the wildlife act of 1974 it is illegal to cultivate the land within the conservation areas or to introduce domestic animals * There is not enough staff or structures in place to enforce the law * The threats to the area require more cross border cooperation with India as well as financial support * Plans must include a high degree of local community involvement to allow sustainable use of the forest

Management and Quality Control

Chatammour Henderson Marketing Management Seminar 640 February 25, 2012 Asterand Memorandum What is the ultimate goal of Asterands quality control initiative? Asterand intelligibly did not have an effective quality control system in process prior to accepting its contract with Amgen to supply human tissue samples.Although Asterand is a new supplier to the biopharmaceutic and pharmaceutical industry, it will need to immediately establish quality control methods that will allow them to process determines correctly and deliver the final examination product to the standards and requirements of the procuring company. This will demonstrate Asterands ability to provide consistent and reliable human-tissue samples that meet the rigorous regulatory standards that the FDA places on all biotechnology and pharmaceutical products.As indicated in the case study, Asterand failed to meet Amgens quality standards on four occasions with different reasons. Asterands quality control challenges did n ot begin with Amgen. Asterand in any case faced challenges with implementing standardized protocols for storage and data collection across laboratories and hospitals, organizing and storing samples over long periods, and meeting the stringent regulatory requirements for clinical testing.It is imperative that Asterand addresses these challenges in order to stay in business and to expand the company. Human-tissue sampling is a new and innovative process that can be rejected by its target consumers if it does not have good quality control methods. Asterands ultimate goal of the quality control initiative is to be well received in the recession human-tissue sample market so that the company can increase sales growth, secure financing, attract investors and ultimately expand its operations.

Compare and Contrast Seabiscuit vs Secretariat

Seabiscuit vs. Secretariat Impossible. A word the average English speaking individual fears. It is defined as unequal to(p) of being done. In 2010 Walt Disney released Secretariat, a depiction that tells the impossible true story of possibly, the greatest racehorse ever. Universal Studios DreamWorks released Seabiscuit several years prior. Similarly, the movie Seabiscuit provides its earshot with a portal back in time to tell tho another seemingly impossible true story. Except this movie tales the journey of three workforce and one very special horses rise to success and fame.While both films recount inspirational and seemingly impossible true stories, Seabiscuit edges out Secretariat at the electrify by means of the use of a more historically accurate plot, first-class acting and far more believable cinematography. The sheer amount of historical truth of importtained throughout Seabiscuit far outweighs Walt Disneys portrayal of Secretariat. In Seabiscuit, each of the main c haracters personal struggles is told throughout the first part of the film.These struggles come out how the characters came together in real life, provides the audience with an adequate understanding of the effect of the Great Depression on them and allows the viewers to connect emotionally to them as well. In Secretariat, many of the people who were major parts of his journey were completely omitted. The overall feel of the film is very Disney like in the essence of follow your dreams and they exit come true. Ultimately, Walt Disney turned Secretariat into just another funtic fairy tale.Too many tangible events and characters were left out of the film, which in turn, took away from the real drama of Secretariats story. Seabiscuit incorporates a narration of the times and also includes historic photos and footage that capture the era. Unlike Secretariat, Seabiscuit manages to not only maintain historical integrity and is quite entertaining as well. Thus making Seabiscuit the cl ear winner. The first-class acting in Seabiscuit undoubtedly surpasses the acting in Secretariat. Toby Maguire stars in Seabiscuit as Seabiscuits jockey John Red Pollard.First off, Maguire had to dramatically change his physical appearance in order to fit the part of a skinny wiped out(p) jockey. His character Red faced the Great Depression head on, forced to leave his family at the mere age of fifteen. The movie follows Pollard from this point on and lets the audience see the adversity he faced throughout his life. Maguire delivers an award-winning performance by capturing and delivering the sheer emotion that fueled Red Pollard through his life and eventually onto the back of Seabiscuit.His stellar acting was a quintessential part of the movies success. On the other hand, in Secretariat the main character Penny Chennery played by Diane Lane was not as fulfilling. Her character felt very forced and dramatized for the big screen. Throughout the movie the audience is able to predict her every move, her character feels like just another typical Hollywood role nothing compared to the woman she unquestionablely was. The loss of her actual prowess takes away from the overall movie. When compared to Maguires performance, Lane failed to cross the finish line.While both Seabiscuit and Secretariat are true stories based on phenomenal racehorses, Seabiscuit has a much more coherent flow. For example, both movies originate from very distinguished eras Seabiscuit however, makes it very clear to the audience that the story took place during the Great Depression. The use of actual photos and video footage from the time allows the audience to actually understand the tribulations of the times. The camera angles used during racing scenes literally places you in the saddle, allowing viewers to take their very own loosen down the home stretch.Overall, Seabiscuit feels real. The transitions from scene to scene are smooth and are never predictable. On the contrary, Secretariat feels forced. Walt Disney in a sense destroyed the movie by adding too much drama. Many scenes are obviously fabricated to a point where the audience loses sight of the true story behind the movie. Furthermore, Seabiscuit yet again edges out Secretariat by staying true to the seemingly impossible story that was already complete for Hollywood.In conclusion, like many movies based on a true story Secretariat and Seabiscuit are both very informative. However, Seabiscuit managed to maintain historical integrity through first-class acting and believable cinematography. Seabiscuit and Secretariats story of overcoming the impossible was already perfect for Hollywood. Walt Disney fell short by not sticking to the real script and adding too much drama to Secretariat. both in all Seabiscuit raced into the heart of its viewers and never looked back.

Research Proposal Electronic Health Records

effects of Technological Experience on Adoption and Usold senesce of electronic wellness Records Introduction The desegregation of electronic health records in the IT infrastructures supporting medical facilities enables improved access to and recording of long-suffering information, enhanced mightiness to make more informed and more-timely decisions, and decreased errors. Despite these benefits, there be mixed results as to the subroutine of EHR.The aim of this research is to determine if medical health professionals who lack experience with technology argon long-play to adopt and rehearse electronic health records (EHR). Research has shown that the healthcare industry is plagued by rapidly change magnitude costs and poor quality. The United States medical care is the worlds most costly, but its outcomes are mediocre compared with other industrialized, and some non-industrialized, nations. medical errors are a major problem resulting in upwardly of 98000 deaths a yea r as a result, patient safety has become a top priority.The healthcare ashes has been slow to take advantage of EHR and realize the benefits of electronic computerization that is, to improve access to records and patient data, to squeeze incorrect dose errors, avoid drug interactions, and ensure the right patient is in the operating manner (Noteboom 2012). Despite the obvious benefits a 2007 pot by the Ameri ordure Hospital Association inform that scarce 11% of hospitals had fully implemented EHR. A nonher study by Vishwanath& Scamurra reported less than 10% of docs in different practices and settings in the US use EHR. Blumenthal (2009) cites only 1. 5% of US hospitals have extensive EHR musical arrangements.A analogous 2009 study by the American Hospital Association shows less than 2% of hospitals use comprehensive EHR and more or less 8% use a basic EHR in at least one care unit. These findings level the adoption of HER continues to be low in US hospitals (Manos, 200 9). Understanding the reason for the lack of technological integration is pivotal to securing quality and affordable medical care. Education expert Mark Prensky (2001) defined two terms, digital natives and digital immigrants, which he apply to describe those who have an innate ability for technology from an early age (native) and those who are slower to learn and adopt it (immigrant).This disparity is suggested to play a key role in the ability and desire of professional to use technological solutions in their day-to-day activities. Our intent is to expand this hap to medical health professionals use of electronic health records. Our research go out attempt to determine if creation native to technology has any impact on a practitioners desire to merged information technology in to their work routine. We go away excessively see if natives have perform break out in health information settings as has been shown in other areas.Previous Research A 2008 study by DesRoches et al. attempted to discern barriers to the adoption of electronic health records. The authors actioned a survey of physicians registered in the masterfile of the American Medical Association, excluding Doctors of Osteopathy. The authors listed 4 basic reasons the respondents could choose from financial barriers, organizational barriers, legal barriers, and barriers from the state of the technology. Respondents could further clarify their responses subject on sub multitudes.Financial barriers could include initial capital to implement the brasss or uncertainty about the return on investiture. Organizational barriers were sub-divided in to physician didnt want to, the physicians did not have the capacity to, or they feared there would be a loss of productivity during performance. Legal barriers include fears of breaches of confidentiality, hackers, and legal liability. State of technology included misery to locate an EHR that could meet their needs or that the system would become obs olete to quickly.Their results show that 66% of physicians without EHRs cited capital costs as a reason. The also responded with not finding a system to meet their needs, 54%, uncertainty about their return on the investment, 50%, and concern that a system would become obsolete, 44%. Physicians working in locations with EHRs tended to highlight the same barriers, though less frequently. The authors concluded that financial limitations are the greatest barrier to the adoption of electronic health records. They do admit that their study, like pure(a)ly surveys, could be subject to response bias.Burt (2005) also surveyed physicians, this time from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a yearly survey conducted by the US census bureau. The authors were attempting to find correlations between EHR implementation and other statistics, much(prenominal) as age, practice size, and ownership (physician, physician group, or HMO). They used regression modeling and bivariate compend of three years of survey data. They found that practices owned by HMOs were three times more possible to adopt EHR as single physician or group owned practices.Also, large physician group owned practices (20 or more) had an increased utilization of EHR over small group and single physician owned. The authors reported that there were no variations due to practice size in the different ownership groups. Physicians age did not have any effect on EHR usage. The authors concluded that the ability of larger practices to spread the sizable investment required to purchase and implement the technology over more physicians and services was the largest factor in implementation EHR. Laerum (2001) was the first to look at how individual Physicians interact and use EHRs on an everyday basis.The conducted surveys and telephone interviews with physician in 32 units of 19 hospitals in Norway, because a much higher percentage of Norwegian hospitals use EHR, about 73%. The authors selected 23 possible common tasks a physician that could be assisted by or completed by an EHR. The also collected computer literacy data, respondent age and sex and overall satisfaction with the system. The authors found that very few of the possible tasks were being utilized in the EHR. The found that on average physicians were using EHR for 2 to 7 of the possible 23 tasks.Most of the tasks used related to reading patient data. The also found that the computer literacy rate was high (72. 2/100) and there was no correlation with respondents age or sex. They gave the users satisfaction as a generally dictatorial rating. Though demonstrating that physicians use EHR less than they could they gave no explanation as to why. Simon (2009) followed the same path as Laerum mentioned above, surveying physicians usage of EHR in practices that have systems deployed. The authors set ten main functions available in EHR systems deployed in hospitals in Massachusetts.They attempted to determine if these ten functi ons were in truth being utilized or if the physicians were tranquilize using paper. The authors deployed mail based surveys, in 2005 and 2007, to physician in Massachusetts. The surveys asked the practitioners if they had an EHR deployed in their hospital, if and how they used the EHR for the ten predetermined tasks, and simple demographic information. The authors found that magic spell EHR deployment grew by 12% (from 23% to 35% of hospitals), the amount of usage self reported didnt change.EHRs were still mostly being used for reading patient data, but there was a small increase in the use of electronic prescribing, with 19. 9% of physicians with this function available in 2005 using it most of the time, compared to 42. 6% in 2007. Linder (2006) expanded on this by asking why physicians arent using EHRs. The authors also conducted a survey of Partners Healthcare which supports an internally developed, clear based, fully functioning EHR called Longitudinal Medical Record. They al so expanded their base to include nurses, nurse practitioners, and physicians.The survey contained basic demographic information, self-reporting skill level with the EHR, how often they used the EHR, and what they felt were barriers to their use of the system. Since this survey was contained to a system that had already implemented the EHR, the authors had removed the typical barriers of capital as reported above, but they still found that 25% never or rarely used the system, and less than 15% used the system exclusively every time, i. e. never took paper notes or wrote paper prescriptions.They found no correlation of EHR usage to age or gender, but did find that nurses were slightly less likely to use the system. The most grow data was why practitioners said they didnt use the EHR with 62% of respondents saying they didnt want to suffer a loss of eye contact with the patients and 31% of respondents saying that they thought it was rude to use a computer in front of a patient. Other notable reasons were falling behind schedule at 52%, computer being to slow (49%), typing skill (32%), and preferring to write long prose notes (28%).This was the first study to report social barriers to the adoption of EHR in professional settings. Since the majority of the research had been unable to identify simple solutions a series of workshops consisting of industry leaders were formed to study the problem. Kaplan (2009) reports that participants convened and discussed current issues and challenges with widespread adoption of EHR. The workshops conclude that while there are still some technical issues with Information technology in the health heavens the main focus needs to shift to revealing sociological and cultural problems.Noteboom (2012) took a different method acting to determine barriers to EHR adoption eschewing all previous research in to problems with the usage of EHRs. The authors decide to use an start out more commonly seen in social sciences called open codin g, a type of grounded theory. This method is almost the complete revers of traditional research in that it starts with data collection. From this data, key points of text, in this case transcripts from case studies, are marked with a series of codes.These codes are anchors that allow key points of data to be gathered. The researcher can then use these key points to construct a theory or hypothesis. Noteboom started with simple interviews with physician, attempting to elicit perceptions, meanings, feelings, reasons, and comments about their interaction with EHRs. The interviewed physician at the Research Medical Center, Kansas City, and labeled the transcripts of these interviews. From these interviews the authors discovered that users of EHR fall victim to positive and negative work cycles.Positive cycles are ways in which the system helps the physician, i. e. quicker reading of patient data or mining historical data. Negative cycles are tasks that take longer like data entry, which was through with(p) by nurses prior to EHR implementation, or lack of specific functions for specialists, calculate rad dosage for radiation therapy. picture Our research methodology will consist of a case study of medical health professional, instead physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and nurse practitioners, currently employed in an institute running EHRs.The primary data will be gathered through interviews to elicit perceptions on ability to adapt to and use new technology, feelings on the implementation of the technology, comments about the systems, and history of their technology use (to determine natives and immigrants). Secondary data will be collected by having competent users observing participants interaction with the system and evaluating their efficacy. Once the data has been collected it will be analyzed to determine if there is any correlation between digital natives and digital immigrants as it pertains to their use of EHR.Special attention will be paid to how often the system is used compared to the theoretical maximal and how efficient the practitioner is compared to how efficient they perceive they are. Requirements to conduct this study are small. All that is required are willing hospitals that have EHR systems installed, hopefully with a diverse staff spanning many age groups and experience levels. We would also require around 5 interviewers who are well versed in assessing software efficacy to conduct the interviews and gauge practitioners abilities on the EHR system.Statistical data will be calculated on IBM SPSS or similar. ? References Bates, D. W. , Ebell, M. , Gotlieb, E. , Zapp, J. , & Mullins, H. C. (2003). A proffer for electronic medical records in US primary care. daybook of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1), 1-10. Blumenthal, D. (2009). bear upon the adoption of health information technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1477-1479. Burt, C. W. , & Sisk, J. E. (2005). Which physicians and practices are using electronic medical records?. Health Affairs, 24(5), 1334-1343. DesRoches, C.M. , Campbell, E. G. , Rao, S. R. , Donelan, K. , Ferris, T. G. , Jha, A. , & Blumenthal, D. (2008). Electronic health records in ambulatory carea national survey of physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50-60 Kohn, L. T. , Corrigan, J. , & Donaldson, M. S. (2000). To err is human building a safer health system (Vol. 6). Joseph Henry Press. Kaplan, B. , & Harris-Salamone, K. D. (2009). Health IT success and failure recommendations from literature and an AMIA workshop. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(3), 291-299.L? rum, H. , Ellingsen, G. , & Faxvaag, A. (2001). Doctors use of electronic medical records systems in hospitals cross sectional survey. Bmj, 323(7325), 1344-1348. Linder, J. A. , Schnipper, J. L. , Tsurikova, R. , Melnikas, A. J. , Volk, L. A. , & Middleton, B. (2006). Barriers to electronic health record use during patient visits. In AMIA yearly Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 2006, p. 499). American Medical Informatics Association Manos, D. (2009). New study shows few hospitals have comprehensive EHR. Healthcare IT News. McDonald, C. J. (1997).The barriers to electronic medical record systems and how to overcome them. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 4(3), 213-221. Noteboom, C. , Bastola, D. , & Qureshi, S. (2012, January). Cycles of Electronic Health Records Adaptation by Physicians How Do the Positive and Negative Experiences with the EHR System Affect Physicians EHR Adaptation function?. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 2685-2695). IEEE Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 2 Do they really think differently?.On the horizon, 9(6), 1-6 Simon, S. R. , Soran, C. S. , Kaushal, R. , Jenter, C. A. , Volk, L. A. , Burdick, E. , & Bates, D. W. (2009). Physicians use of key functions in electronic health records from 2005 to 2007 a statewide survey. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 16(4), 465-470. Vishwanath, A. , & Scamurra, S. D. (2007). Barriers to the adoption of electronic health records using concept mapping to develop a comprehensive empirical model. Health Informatics Journal, 13(2), 119-134.

Dove, the Brand to Beat Essay

genus Columba is a brand under the many convergences of Unilever. It was in the 1890s when William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros popularized cleanliness and hygiene with his introduction of the cheer lash in Victorian England. The Sunlight Soap led the advocacy to make cleanliness greenplace to fall work for women to foster health and contribute to personal attractiveness, that life ay be more enjoyable and recognise for the people who use our products. (www.dove.com)For three centuries, Unilever has proven its success over economic booms, depressions, reality wars and the changing modus vivendi of its consumers as the world advanced through technology. dive is the offering skin cargon product since 1957. It is clinically proven and has been noted to be good for dry sensitive skin which half the women in the world has. And since the 1980s, plunge has launched more supporting products to the soap bar such as moisturizing body wash, deodorants, body lotions, seventh cranial nerve cleansers, shampoos and conditioners. All of these products are aimed to solve skin needs comprehensively bringing out the true inner dish antenna of women. genus Columba is boasts of its number one in the race of cleansing brands with double-digit growth data. Sales in over 80 countries are over 2.5 billion a year. They estimate that over 1 billion showers are done exploitation dove products each year in the US alone. The success is receivable to the brands keeping of its clinically proven promises and understanding of its real market. Studies show that only 12 % of women are truly satisfied with their physical attractiveness. 2% of women articulate themselves as beautiful. 68% knows that media almost always sets unrealistic standards of beauty and the 75% hopes that media would better itself in portraying diversity in womens physical attractiveness that includes size, create and age. come down is actively trying to address the root of the problem of negativ e self-image. Dove has founded the Dove self-esteem Fund, which funds programs to raise self-esteem in girls and young women. In the US, its working through the Unilever seat to sponsor a partnership with Girl Scouts, called uniquely ME It also supports the BodyTalk education program for schools in the UK and Canada. (www.dove.com)The Dove Self-Esteem Fund has come along way since consumers saw that water alone was not sufficiency to clean oneself. American consumers of the new millennium are more demanding than ever and entertain minded. Dove consumers honorarium a higher hurt for Dove due to its after gross revenue value. The target market of Dove are the people who can afford to put a premium for added market values compared to cheaper alternatives such as Ivory.According to Soap, Cosmetics, Chemical Specialties, aging baby-boomers were looking for milder, less irritating products. Soaps using vegetable-based fats, with no beast fats or animal testing, were also in demand. O ther popular items included loofahs, oatmeal products, and chamomile leaves. In general, customers demanded performance and value in all their soap, shampoo, and detergent products, which were the driving factors behind the soap and detergents industry at the turn of the century. (Thompsons, 2006)All these added value makes Dove cost more than the average bath product. Value leadership attempt to offer the best product at the cheapest price. These products cannot compare on quality and in the sententious term, competes for the value of each dollar. Ivory products advertise themselves on the price pitch that does not happen to Dove products. Each Dove product commercial does not mention price. this kind of advertising strategy may increase Ivory income by selling more quantity but soaps such as Dove and Dial remain sure-fire as well by selling more expensive and keeping loyal customers at lesser volumes.The bar soap market, which had grown at an average rate of more or less 4.1 percent annually in the early 1980s, entered the 1990s with a growth rate of about 4.9 percent. dishful bars comprised the fastest growing segment of the bar soap market, with sales increasing at a rate of about 7 percent per year. Later in the decade, however, bar soap began to lose roughly ground to shower gels. In 1998, bar soap sales grew only 1.5 percent in value and slipped 4.5 percent in unit terms, while shower gel sales increased dramatically. However, even with their 18.1 sales gain in 1998, the shower gel market, with total sales of $450 million, remained slightly less than a triplet the size of the bar soap market, which totaled $1.4 billion in value in 1998. (Thompsons, 2006)Dove has been successful in its campaign to increase and sustain loyal consumers due to its steadfast supporting of its timeless thought in their original product. Compared to the rest of the competition, Dove remained the soap that held on to its added moisture selling point. From that, Dove h as evolved and widened its strategies in cornering a wider and global market. For one, its campaign-promoting self-esteem in women cuts above the rest.The campaign for real beauty ad that models larger than average smiling women in white underwear has sent advertisers of other soaps amok. The message of this ad is a statement against the usual advertisers that project the beautiful woman with impossibly physical proportions. This strategy of using controversy for advertising worked so much for Dove.The women in these photos appear to love who they are and the way their bodies look. swear out Ontiveros of the Chicago Sun-Times says, Its the joy on their faces that I really the likes of. Theres just so much happiness in their smiles that I feel as if these women are saying this is the real me and I like her. Boy, is that rare and just the message Id like females to get and embrace. Just because your loot cant fit into a size four doesnt mean youre not sexy. The joy and confidence of the Dove models allows them to look sexy without having to wear seductive facial expressions. (www.campaignforealbeuty.com)The challenge that lies on the Dove self-esteem campaigns is to make sure that they do not get caught playing two sides. A teener realizes that the big women ad was sporting big tight thighs. Dove was getting the most of this because their thigh-tightening product was being launched. A critic also realized that letting women with underwear pose on camera was legato diminishing respect for women even if they were all size large.The most significant challenge that advertisers faced was furnish by the growing global concern of consumers over environmental issues. Consumers demanded that products like Dove have to be manufactured and marketed using earth-friendly products and processes without sacrificing quality. Doves dishwashing liquid leads their earth-friendly products. Using the dishwashing liquid leaves the detainment moisturized, the plates squeaky clea n and the rivers unpollutedAnother important strategy for Dove products to stay in the lead is using technology to further their market reach. The website of Dove and its dealers are well-made and very user friendly. purchasing online is very convenient. Using the internet as part of the selling efforts, Dove can ensure the initiation of its loyal customers who pays more to buy Dove soap. The prices below gathered from the websites show comparisons in prices of different common leading bath soaps. Dove fits in the middle of the price war as it is appreciated by the market as the soap that has more value compared to the usual everyday common soaps such as Dial and Coast but not too expensive like the signature and specialty soaps like Cetaphil or Neutrogena.Price ComparisonsDove 3.08Dial 0.99Ivory 1.89Cetaphil 4.09Neutrogena 3.95Coast 1.20Table 1. User ratings among Dove competitorsProduct namePears SoapImperial Leather Original SoapPalmolive Original Soap chuck outDove Ex tra Sensitive Cream BarLux Milk & Honey Beauty SoapOilatum Soap BarCamay Classic- Toilet SoapOverall user ratingRecommended by 100%(13 Reviews)Recommended by 95%(19 Reviews)Recommended by 50%(6 Reviews)Recommended by 86%(28 Reviews)Recommended by 100%(1 Review)Recommended by 100%(2 Reviews)Recommended by 33%(3 Reviews)http//www.ciao.co.uk/product_comparison.php?Pid=1%2C10%2C10534%2C15372%2C5015455%2C5231365&IDs%5B%5D=70462&IDs%5B%5D=70445&IDs%5B%5D=70457&IDs%5B%5D=70440&IDs%5B%5D=70450&IDs%5B%5D=5628139&IDs%5B%5D=70438&Compare=Compare The table above shows user ratings from the ciao website. Recommendations between Dove competitors are tabulated. Though Dove Extra Sensitive Cream Bar had an 86% good word ratings, it had the most number of reviews totaling 28 as compared to Imperial leather Original Soap that seconded the list with 18 reviews, a furthermost ten reviews short of Dove. This short sampling will show that there are more Dove users who connect to the internet as compare d to the other products. Dove moves forward in its destruction to build a strategic global master brand. Backed by Unilevers expertise in product branding, Dove with its good quality material for hygiene and beauty preservation will keep back end to focus on making their brand lead by promoting the value of their brand as against the price of the soap. Dove was an instant hit, generating $55 million in sales its first six months, per Information Resources Inc. This year, sales climbed to $79 million for the 52 weeks ended April 22. Doves current market share stands at 4.7%, equal that of Procter and Gambles honest-to-god Spice. P&Gs Secret brands still together with dominate the $1.6 billion category, but have been losing share to Dove. Total Secret sales were $229 million as of April 22, down 8% from $248 million for the year ended Sept. 10, 2000, per IRI. (Ward, 2003) I have personally using Dove for the past ten years and have been more than twice tempted to try other brands . Though I did try out one or two other brands during such time, I always went back to using Dove because of its simplicity, truthfulness and mission to add social value to a common free-and-easy commodity. In a world where brand names are easily communicated with visuals only technology knows how far will go, Dove will remain as a trustworthy partner in my personal health care.ReferencesU.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Industry and Trade Out-look 99. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1999.U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1997 Economic Census. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1999.Van Arnum, Patricia. Consumer Product majors Soak in a Renewed Outlook. Chemical Market Reporter, FR3-5.Ward, John. 2003. Does Market Share Really curb to Apple? http//www.vectronicsappleworld.com/2003/opinion/0306.htmlwww.ciao.comwww.dove.comwww.answers.comDoves extension into deodorant is a prime example of Unilevers long-term strategy to build a set of global master brands with new products and heavy marke ting support. The launch was backed by more than $30 million in media spending, a level usually reserved for new brands. Dove marketers also wanted to develop a product specifically for women. time a number of existing brands are gender neutral (Ban, Sure) or targeted to men (Brut, Right Guard, Old Spice), not since P&G introduced decades-old Secret has a manufacturer captured the collective attention of the female audience. prefer language style English(U.S.) Dove Soap (brand I want enquiryed on)Think about a product you love, that you use all the time. In this first part of the assignment, your goal is to uncover as much research about the brand and it competitors as doable. Youll want to know the history of the brand, the characteristics of the people who buy/use the brand, and everything else possible about it. But dont forget to look into the competition. What are they doing right? What are they doing impairment? 5 pages 4 sourcesHistoryCharacteristics of its marketCompetit ion statusWhat they are doing right?What they are doing vituperate?