Causes and Spread of infection

Causes and Spread of infection Outcome 1 – Understand the causes of infection 1:1  Identify the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites The differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are; Fungi have cell walls made up of chitin (found in outer skeleton of insects, shrimps and lobsters – also used in healing agents). Fungi and parasites are multi cellular (Ref: www.euchis.org) Viruses are not living, they are only made of complex proteins and nuclear acids Bacteria are unicellular micro-organisms Parasites and bacteria are animals (Bacteria, fungi and parasites are living organisms) (Dundas Welsby 2002, pp99-106) 1:2  Identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites Common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are; Viruses†¦ Chicken pox Shingles Laryngitis Pneumonia Mumps Common cold Aids Whooping cough Measles Parasites†¦ Malaria Intestinal Scabies Ringworm Tapeworm Crab louse Fungi†¦ Conjunctivitis Athletes foot Ringworm Thrush Fungal nail Intertrigo (yeast) Bacteria†¦ Colds Flu Fevers Meningitis Pneumonia Gastroenteritis Impetigo MRSA Severe gastrointestinal (caused by E-coli) Acne (Brooker Nicol 2003, pp254-255) 1:3  Describe what is meant by â€Å"infection† and â€Å"colonisation† The meaning of colonisation occurs when micro-organisms inhabit on a part of the body for example, skin but don’t cause signs and symptoms of infection colonised pathogens have the potential to cause infection if spread to a different parts of the body depending on the micro-organism colonised pathogens which can be passed on from person to person from touching objects or not washing hands. This is a major route of colonisation within the health care facilities. Colonisation of micro-organisms can inhabit the host by being in or being on, they don’t cause damage or invade the tissue, yet if they do invade tissue this can make the person sick, which in turn will turn into an infection. Even though the host may not show signs of illness, they can still pass it on to others. (Lister Dougherty 2008, pp1112-1113) 1:4  Describe what is meant by â€Å"systemic infection† and â€Å"localised infection† The skins function is to protect the body from infectious organisms, but when there has been a break in the skin infections can pose a threat. The meaning of localised infection is an infection that is limited to a specific body region. The meaning of systemic infection is when the pathogen is distributed throughout the whole body by the bloodstream. Systemic infection: Conjunctiva infection can cause lasting damage if not treated in time Low immune systems due to diabetes, kidney failure etc. The elderly or children may cause complications with infection due to their age Localised infection: Swelling Redness Temperature changes in infected area 1:5  Identify poor practices that may lead to the spread of infection Covered on ECA course Training centre Outcome 2 – Understand the transmission of infection 2:1  Explain the conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms The conditions needed for the growth of micro-organisms are nutrients for them to reproduce. It also requires warmth and moisture. They are not visible with the naked eye. The factor that encourages the growth of micro-organisms is nutrition, oxygen, temperature, PH and moisture. The PH and temperature determines the rate of growth. The moisture carry’s foods into the cell, and carry’s the waste away from the cell to maintain the content of cytoplasm (ground substance in where different components are found). All micro-organisms have a PH at which they can grow. (Brooker Nicol 2003, pp.254-255) 2:2  Explain the ways an infective agent might enter the body An infective agent might enter the body through the mouth, stomach, intestines. The digestive tract. It can also be through broken skin. Areas of infection: The respiratory system nose, lungs, windpipe. The digestive system – spoiled food, unclean hands or objects. The urinary tract urethra, bladder, kidneys. Wounds on the skin – cuts, grazes, trauma to the skin. There is also secondary infective agent: Genital – sexually transmitted, non-sexual PH imbalance (soaps, sprays, creams). Conjunctival – to the eye (dust, viruses, bacteria, contact lenses) The ways that gains entry to the person is by infecting the cells: Trauma bite – infected animal, human, insect Congenital – unborn baby (developed through pregnancy. Rubella, chickenpox, herpes, syphilis) 2:3  Identify common sources of infection The best source for infection is poorly chilled, heated or contaminated food. Contaminated laundry on a low heat setting, clinical waste, and contaminated equipment, others that may be infected. Unclean work surfaces in kitchens. We all come into contact with hands, some just don’t take hand hygiene seriously and will spread the infection further afield. 2:4  Explain how infective agents can be transmitted to a person Airborne – inhalation of pathogens (microorganism disease producing agent such as bacteria, virus). The common cold and flu spread the infection to another person, either sneezing into the air, nasal droplets; this may be from a nebuliser. Infected dust particles containing skin scales may cause a respiratory virus. Direct contact – this would be person to person contact, such as dirty hands upon a patient or other way around. Sexual intercourse, chicken pox/shingles (herpes zoster) with the rash and until the last blister has dried up. Impetigo (staphylococcus aureus) which mainly affects children and immune suppressed people. Hands – are the main part of cross-infection. This can be transferred by microbes to other body areas, for example: hand to face to phone (communal), to shared computers, to person with a handshake. They in turn have now picked up everything you have touched. If they don’t wash their hands, the cycle of cross infection will multiply too many others. With the ambulance cross contamination can be spread from person to equipment including steering wheels, radios, door handles. Your body’s blueprint may have a good resistance to bacteria in your genes, but others you treat or touch may not and could potentially make them very ill. Indirect contact – can be spread by fomites – an inanimate object that becomes contaminated with infectious organisms and then transports those organisms to another person. This can include children’s toys, chopping boards, baby’s nappies, oxygen masks, Entonox breathing adaptors. They can live for a few minutes or a few hours. Indirect contact can also be spread by crawling or flying insects these are examples of vectors these are organisms that transmits pathogens and parasites (person, insect, animal). Insect bites may cause a variety of infections, one being malaria. Ingestion – the organisms that infect the gastro-intestinal tract are ingested through the mouth by objects such as the hands, in drink, uncooked food, faecal/oral spread, eating food with unclean hands. Cross infecting would be to eat food while sharing communual keyboards/laptops who would in turn pass on to others by contracting sickness and diarrhoea and by not following hand washing techniques, this will continue until the cycle is broken. Inoculations – there may be a chance of a â€Å"needle stick† injury caused by infected needles that may contain Hepatitis B virus, and as the inoculation has been put directly into the blood stream of the patient, an infection is high. 2:5  Identify the key factors that will make it more likely that infection will occur The key factors that will make it more likely that infection will occur are individuals susceptible to infection; these would include older people with lowered immunity due to other illnesses or conditions, children or babies. Compromised circulation secondly to peripheral vascular disease. People with diabetes have a risk of developing infections if their blood sugar is lower than normal. Urinary catheters or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes (PEGS). IV lines if kept in too long (when a paramedic inserts a needle to administer drugs, you should note the time and date it was inserted and place on the surrounding site of the needle, this keeps hospital staff aware the length of time it has been in). Poor personal hygiene can be a factor and open to infections. Areas around skin folds due to obesity, as infections build up in moist areas such as the groin, stomach and under the breasts, infections can multiply rapidly in these areas. Young and premature babies with under develo ped lungs and heart, this is due to the lungs not being fully developed affecting the oxygen levels in the cells. Infection may be more if the patient or person is contact with contagious agents. Referencing using Harvard/RefME Brooker, C. Nicol, M., 2003. Nursing Adults: The Practice of Caring, United Kingdom: Mosby Elsevier Health Science. Dundas, S. Welsby, P., 2002. Common Hospital Infections Unknown. E. Sheppard, ed., London: Science Press. European Chitin Society, 1996. What is chitin? https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?gws_rd=ssl#q=chitin. Available at: http://euchis.org/ [Accessed October 26, 2014]. Hateley, P., 2003. Infection Control. In C. Brooker M. Nicol, eds. Nursing Adults: The Practice of Caring. United Kingdom: Mosby Elsevier Health Science. Hendry, C., 2011. Function of the immune system. Nursing Standard, 27. Lister, S. Dougherty, L., 2008. The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures, Student Edition 7th ed., United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley ; Sons Ltd). Professor Carlos Andrà ©s Peniche Covas, 2007. Natural polymer Chitin shows great healing properties. https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?gws_rd=ssl#q=chitin+medical+uses. Available at: http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/07/16/27582.aspx [Accessed October 26, 2014]. Robinson, J., 2012. Fungal skin infections in children. Nursing Standard, 27. Unkown, 2008a. Barrier Nursing: nursing the infectious or immunosuppressed patient. In L. Dougherty S. ListerUnknown, eds. The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures, Student Edition. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley ; Sons Ltd). Unkown, 2008b. Infection Control. In S. Christopher, ed. NVQ/SVQ Level 3 Health Award for healthcare assistants. United Kingdom: Heinemann. Weller, B., 2009. Baillià ¨re’s nurses dictionary: for nurses and health care workers 25th ed. B. Weller, ed., United Kingdom: Elsevier/Baillià ¨re Tindall. Wright, D., 2000. Human Physiology and Health for GCSE: Student Book unknown. A. Clayton, ed., United Kingdom: Heinemann Educational Publishers. Sharon H Ferguson-Guy

How Successfully Does Marlowe portrayal of Faustus Essay

How Successfully Does Marlowe portrayal of Faustus reflect the attitudes and beliefs of Elizabethan times? Christopher Marlowe lived in a time of great change for England and the whole of Europe. New developments in the field of science were overturning ancient ideas about astronomy and physics and the discovery of the Americas had transformed the European views of the world. Christian and pagan beliefs interacted with each other in rich and often illogical ways, and signs of that complicated interaction are present in many of Marlowe’s works. We see the idea’s of Renaissance Europe through Dr Faustus in Dr Faustus. Doctor Faustus is a play of deep questions concerning morality, religion, and man’s relationship to both. Sorcery and magic were part of widespread belief systems throughout Europe that predated Christianity. These early beliefs about magic were present in medicine. Women in particular used a mix of magic and herbal medicine to treat common illnesses. But as Christianity spread and either absorbed or rejected other belief systems, practitioners of magic came to be viewed as evil. These themes are presented in Doctor Faustus especially the idea of religion. Many religious themes base don Elizabethan views are presented in the play. Pride is one of the Seven Deadly Sins, arguably the one that leads to all the others. Faustus’ first great sin is pride and he does not stop there. Reflecting the Elizabethean view, pride gives rise to all of the other sins, and ends ironically with the sinner’s downfall. This is clearly shown in Faustus. Dr. Faustus is a man possessed by himself, and blinded by his own intellect. By making a deal with the devil, Faustus trades his soul for satisfaction, and a greater field of study. He is selfish–wanting knowledge, power, and fun without having to work or take responsibility for it. As result of his selfish desires, he signs a contract with his blood trading his soul for his desires, eternal peace for eternal anguish, thus beginning his hardships which leads to him committing the other 6 sins becoming increasingly petty and low. Like Christian belief that it is Pride which lead for the Devil to be exiled from heaven, it to is behind Faustus’ downfall. Elizabethans had a strong view on hell. Hell was developed throughout the Medieval and Tudor times by the church to scare the ordinary people. It was widely believed that Hell is eternal, but so is heaven. For a Christian, all that is necessary to be saved from eternal damnation is acceptance of Jesus Christ’s grace. This belief can be shown in Faustus as early as Scence 3 where Faustus signs away his soul. Even after signing away his soul to the devil, Faustus has the option of repentance that will save him from hell. But once he has committed himself to his own damnation, Faustus seems unable to change his course. This of course leads to his damnation in the last Act. The play emphasizes the idea that if you turn away from God you will be damned. The play also however gives a different idea of what hell is. It was believed at the time that hell was a place and images of fire etc were widely used to show what it looked like. Marlow however gives us the view that it is just separation from God that is Hell. This is shown through Metatopholis in Act 1 Sc 3 when Faustus asks him how come he has left Hell. The idea of of a time of discovery took off in a major way when Dr Faustus was being written. Amrlow makes several references to this idea throughout the play. New lands were discovered by explorers like Christopher Columbus. A great deal of enthusiasm and optimism was generated by the fact that the world had quite literally become a much bigger place. When Fautus talks about what he wishes to do with his power in Act 1 Sc 1 Line 83 Fautus declares he intends to send spirits to â€Å"search all corners of the new-found world.† He also sends Met. To the other side of the world to fetch the Duchess some grapes in Act 4. This shows that like the scholars at the time Faustus to ahs an interest in exploration and discovery. Fautus also has an interest in expanding his knowledge. At the beginning of the book Fautus is alking to himself about what knowledge he wishes to have. He rejects a range of preoffessions including that of a Physican and lawyer. These professions were at the time seen as the â€Å"magicians† of their time. They were the well-educated people and at the time these people were behind the new ideas and the first stirrings of the scientific revolution. Copernicus proposed that the earth was in motion and orbited the sun, opposing all previous thinking on the subject. In Dr. Fautus in Act 2 Sc 3 Met. Tells Fautus the Renaissance view on the Universe. Marlowe was probably agreeing with them hence why he out it into his play. The idea of Faustus rejecting the profession he lists in Act 1 Sc 1 symbolizes the Elizabethan break with the medieval world, which prized authority above all else, in favor of a more modern spirit of free inquiry, in which experimentation and innovation trump the assertions of Greek philosophers and the Bible. Elizabethans believed they could achieve above what was realistically possible. This is verified in the introduction to Scene 1, where the story of Icarus is told. The story shows the consequences of over-ambition, and tells you what will happen to Faustus. Scene 1 also shows the Elizabethan need for extravagance, money and fame, lines 14-15 show how Faustus wants gold, and to be immortalized Alchemy was a complex of beliefs and ideas that involved chemistry, astrology and magic, with the scope to blend in ideas drawn from various religions. Magic was a theme that was explored in various plays at the Elizabethean time. Shakespeare was fascinated by magic and this is evident from his plays such as, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet and Macbeth. In his play Dr Faustus, Marlowe warns us of the dark power inherent in magic. Faustus sells his soul to the devil in return for knowledge and worldly success but his dream is eventually shattered. For Marlowe magic is a downright dangerous practise. He was here expressing the common belief that unlike the good magic praticsed by scholars and physicans Black magic was a dangerous place to go and that the occult could lead to a life of damnation. Throughout the play Faustus shows a keen interest in the occult In the opening of Act 1 Scene 3 we the audience see Faustus conjuring a devil. In Elizabethan times spells, folklore, superstition were a normal part of life. This is shown in Line 7-‘Seeing thou hast prayed and sacrificed to them’, where Faustus prepares for his conjuring act. It is ironic that he prays, as he does not believe in God. Following this ritual, he draws a circle around himself, to keep evil spirits from harming him. This is ironic once more, as he is conjuring the devil at the same time- who is surely the most evil spirit possible. The entire conjuring scene is set to challenge religion, as many Elizabethans did. This may have been because the religion is England at the time was very unstable and Elizabethan’s had to compel to what ever religion the law enforced on them. It is not just the Renaissance period Faustus highlights in his play. He also wrote a play he knew would appeal to his audience. The use of slapstick comedy in the play during such scene as making a mockery of the pope and his head falling off would have appealed to the lower uneducated class masses that he would have expected to view his plays. He wrote a simple humor for simple people to understand.

Regression Analysis and Summary Page Results Essay

|[pic] |Syllabus | | |School of Business | | |QNT/561 Version 5 | | |Applied Business Research and Statistics | Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course prepares students to†¦show more content†¦2 of Statistics for Business and Economics | | | | |2.37, 2.38, 2.44, 2.46, 2.54, 2.64, 2.68, 2.79, 2.85, 2.89, 2.93, 2.94, 2.106, and 2.108 | | | | | | | | | |Ch. 4 of Statistics for Business and Economics | | | | |4.1, 4.12, 4.13, 4.21, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.89, 4.91, 4.106, and 4.124 | | | | | | | | | |Make a screen-print of the summary page results, paste in an MS Word document and post in the | | | |Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing and Summarizing Math Data1438 Words   |  6 Pagesliving in the household) 4. YEARS (the number of years that the customer has lived in the current location) 5. CREDIT BALANCE (the customers current credit card balance on the store s credit card, in $). |PROJECT PART A: Exploratory Data Analysis | | †¢ Open the file MATH533 Sept 2013 Project Consumer.xls from the Course Project Data Set folder in Doc Sharing. †¢ Students MUST downloadRead MoreThe State Of Missouri County1175 Words   |  5 Pagesstate of Missouri, reporting important statistics about the offenders supervised by the Missouri Department of Corrections. With this information, along with the county’s census information on population estimates, we are able to conduct a regression analysis to test the hypothesis. I would expect to see a positive and strong correlation indicating in fact, that if a county either goes up in population or has a large population to begin with, there would be a much higher number of individuals behindRead MoreDickhead Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesworksheet 2. Excel or Minitab session window and graphs 3. Managerial report (in MS Word Format) with the following sections: Problem Statement Statistical Results Conclusion Email case problem sets to cassa@msudenver.edu. Use screenshots (using Print Screen and copied into a word document) or PDF functionality to send statistical results out of Minitab or Excel. Managerial Report Example TO: Instructor FROM: Student DATE: January 18, 2011 SUBJECT: CaseRead MoreAdvance Analytics Internship Coding Challenge Sai Charan Thotapalli949 Words   |  4 PagesAdvance Analytics Internship Coding Challenge Sai Charan Thotapalli 01/25/2015 Data description First, is need to know the amount of information this analysis will involve, in this section a general review of data. Number of rows, this mean the number of observations to be analysed. 21,061 observations are found. ## [1] 21061 Number of columns, this mean the number of variables to be analysed. ## [1] 12 The original names of the variables. ## [1] ## [4] ## [7] ## [10] day platform ordersRead MoreIntroduction to the Finance Company Project979 Words   |  4 Pagesstatements you make in your analysis are consistent with the knowledge base of finance. Also please include your calculations (including spreadsheets), data sources (be specific, including date and page number(s)), and assumptions (explain your rationale) in the appendices. While your analysis should be geared toward finance, nobody, of course, can make business decisions using solely finance techniques and concepts, so where applicable, incorporate techniques and analysis from other business fieldsRead MoreTemperature Mediated Moose Survival1389 Words   |  6 Pages Lenarz et al. 2009 Summary Complete citation. Author(s), Date of publication, Title, Journal, Volume #, pages (1pt) Lenarz, M. S., Nelson, M. E., Schrage, M. W., Edwards, A. J. (2009). Temperature Mediated Moose Survival in Northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management, 73(4), 503-510. Key question(s) being addressed (1pt) â€Å"Our primary objective was to estimate annual and seasonal survival rates in adult moose in northeastern Minnesota and determine whether heat stress explained variationRead MoreStatistics Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Business Statistics In this assignment I compiled the data of the Nissan GT-R 3.8 (R35). The Data collected includes the age, type and price which allowed me to make a statistic about how the age affects the price of this certain model over several years. I will be using the correlation regression and scatter diagram to get the regression line. As we can see, the price drops the elder the car is. Inside the range of the diagram the prediction might be accurate. So we can tellRead MoreLinear Regression1142 Words   |  5 PagesLinear-Regression Analysis Introduction Whitner Autoplex located in Raytown, Missouri, is one of the AutoUSA dealerships. Whitner Autoplex includes Pontiac, GMC, and Buick franchises as well as a BMW store. Using data found on the AutoUSA website, Team D will use Linear Regression Analysis to determine whether the purchase price of a vehicle purchased from Whitner Autoplex increases as the age of the consumer purchasing the vehicle increases. The data set provided information about the purchasingRead MoreEconomic Dimensions And Development Of Sustainable Tourism993 Words   |  4 Pagesfile 2 draft: (regression analyis) Regression Analysis: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 0.762 0.581 0.475 0.760 From the table we see that the twenty sustainable dimensions has explained 47.5 % of the total variance in the dependent variable of overall development of sustainable tourism in Sundarbans (Adjusted R Square =0.475). That’s why, the relationship between sustainable dimensions and development of sustainable tourism in Sundarbans is strongRead MorePopulation Analysis843 Words   |  4 Pagesaccounting reporting analysis and financial performance. This study is uses the descriptive and inferential statistical methods will use to analyze the data. Multivariate regression Model based on Cross-sectional collective data from the respondent the questionnaire which related Working capital Management, investment, financial, accounting information systems, accounting reporting analysis and financial performance criteria. To complement regression analysis, correlation analysis will be passing out